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Advancing Diversity,
Inclusion, and Social
Justice Through Human
Systems Engineering
Advancing Diversity,
Inclusion, and Social
Justice Through Human
Systems Engineering
Edited by
Rod D. Roscoe, Erin K. Chiou, and
Abigail R. Wooldridge
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487–2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13 978-1-138-38798-0 (Hardback)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The
authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not
been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know
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v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 All Are Welcome but Terms and Conditions Apply������������������������ 109
Audrey Reinert
ix
x Foreword
first to tie these exclusionary practices to the concept of social justice. When it was
over, I stood up from the back of the room and I cheered loudly. They hit a nerve.
To be our best as human systems engineers (inclusively defined), we need to
embrace diversity and inclusion as underlying principles in everything we do. It is
not about a moral conscience, although that too is important. It is about practicing
rigorous, valid, and innovative human systems engineering from the beginning to
the end of the line of inquiry, while also demonstrating that we respect life and qual-
ity of life, regardless of differences.
While commonality is an important relational motivator, diversity is also impor-
tant. Designing for sameness has led to many, many problems and has set us back
centuries in terms of equity, fairness, and social justice. We have contributed to
disparities, privileged the over-privileged, and further disenfranchised those already
struggling for equity and social justice. We have thrown out the outliers without
thinking about who they are, and we still do not question published studies whose
demographics are either unreported, under-reported or under-representative of the
intended users. We still use theories from engineering and the social sciences built
on tests and measurements based on middle-to-upper class White undergraduate
students. These individuals differ significantly from the majority of the populations
around the world, yet these theories are used to explain, analyze, and even diagnose
everyone else. We have averaged and designed for a central range to the exclusion
of others who deserve consideration, especially because they are not in the central
range. We have imposed linear models on non-linear life circumstances, and we have
transformed quantized human data to force a structure that fits our own ways of see-
ing the world—through the eyes of sameness.
It is time to reckon with these shortcomings. The damage of exclusionary prac-
tices cannot be reversed, but we can stop the cycle and advance our profession
toward rigorous, people-centered, competent approaches that clearly comprise
diversity, inclusion, and social justice as underlying frames. This book is about
deconstructing our mindsets and our knowledge cultures. This book challenges us
to reconstruct our mindsets to be much more effective by embracing the courage to
question what we have been taught and re-examine how we practice what should
be a discipline that truly understands what it really means to design for people.
This book also sends a message to the gatekeepers whose primary purpose is to
perpetuate models of privilege and sameness, often to the detriment of users around
the world. The world looks to us to demonstrate and apply our intellect to enhance
quality of life for all.
Many chapters include narratives from contributors who have both lived experi-
ences and scholarly experiences that guide their decisions about how to integrate
diversity, inclusion, and social justice into their work. It is intriguing to read the rea-
soning given for each case, scenario, project, or approach. From all over the United
States to Colombia to South Africa and other places, these authors capture best prac-
tices and lessons learned. Contributors make clear distinctions between using our
science and engineering for social justice and not just for the vague concept of social
good. Social justice lenses in research often set in motion research actions that are
impactful in ways that advance society more equitably; social good fails to challenge
the status quo.
Foreword xi
The contributors are versed in linguistic framing. Problems are not defined from a
social deficit perspective. When writing about those who have traditionally been left
out of research, the framing communicates a belief that these users or groups bring
value to the world and can teach us something. As a consequence, it is imperative to
find ways to teach and train future professionals to develop intellectual skills around
diversity, inclusion, and social justice. Of particular interest is the choice of which
users or groups to highlight. This book does not simply focus on the usual attri-
butes that continue to steer privilege or marginalization, but also includes the oft-
overlooked diversity and inclusion practices around LGBTQ users and professionals,
intersectional diversity, physical environments, and even disciplinary cultures.
Flashback to HFES 2018, having listened to Drs. Roscoe, Chiou, and Wooldridge,
I wondered why such new scholars in the field embraced such bold ideas so early
in their careers. In my mind as a professor, higher education administrator, and a
program director at a federal agency providing funding to advance knowledge, this
was wonderful! The energy of these three scholars and their absolute commitment to
bringing together scholars from around the world to advance our knowledge domain
gave me high hopes for the profession I love so dearly.
I asked each of the editors to tell me why diversity, inclusion, and social jus-
tice in human systems engineering was so important to them. There was a common
theme of concern around the disconnection between social justice challenges and
the discourse in our knowledge domain, and this connection needed to be estab-
lished. For Dr. Roscoe, this book journey is an opportunity “to bridge my social jus-
tice advocacy and my academic research agenda.” For Dr. Chiou, the book journey
allowed her to reconcile her “personal and professional communities I am in and
have been a part of; because of all that was done for me to feel included or excluded.”
Dr. Wooldridge reflected on how our limited application of systems perspectives led
to the neglect of diversity, inclusion, and social justice factors, which are “fundamen-
tally systems issues created by characteristics of the system elements and interac-
tions between them.” True to the character of each editor, their ultimate goal was to
make our profession more welcoming and inclusive for those who seek to advance
knowledge and practice related to diversity, inclusion, and social justice. Dr. Roscoe
desires these chapters, so graciously provided by contributors, to be inclusive in and
of themselves. Dr. Roscoe stated that the chapters make use of “a blend of scholar-
ship and storytelling, which I hope inspires others to embrace a similar vision for
their work.” Dr. Chiou sees this book as a means “to help humanity realize our col-
lective potential by generating knowledge, sharing knowledge, knowing when and
how to use knowledge.” Dr. Wooldridge sees the book as “one way to pull (or push!)
the field farther along.”
In summary, the reader will gain new perspectives, new tools, new information.
But, the greatest gift of this book is its invitation to build a more inclusive human
systems engineering profession for all. Frankly, I walked away from my reading of
this work and embraced my elephants once again in all their colorful and boundary-
less splendor. We don’t have to color inside the lines or use the same colors every day.
Humans are complex. They are diverse, and diversity matters, especially to those
who have been told to conform, to be like those with power and privilege. No human
user wishes to disappear into the milieu of a dominant culture. Every human wishes
xii Foreword
and deserves to have attributes included in the design and evaluation of systems.
These differences should be foundational to our work so we demonstrate our respect
for all users.
Thanks to the editors and contributors. Truly, this work will help to open the
gates, give us permission to color outside the lines, and move our profession forward
in leaps and bounds.
xiii
xiv Preface
(Hendrick & Kleiner, 2002) that study the effects of environment, organization,
people, and technology on system design and performance.
We believe that these human-focused and system-oriented approaches are per-
fectly suited to address human-focused and system-oriented threats to diversity
and inclusion, and to generate the necessary knowledge, strategies, and tools for
promoting social justice. For instance, universal design entails designing for indi-
viduals with special physical or cognitive needs (Vanderheiden & Jordan, 2012), and
universal design for learning applies these principles to education (Edyburn, 2010).
Likewise, macroergonomics offers theoretical frameworks and methods to inves-
tigate systemic issues (Hendrick & Kleiner, 2002) such as diversity, inclusion, and
social justice. Cultural ergonomics analyzes interactions between human factors,
ergonomics, design, and the diverse cultural contexts in which these activities occur
(Montague & Perchonok, 2012; Smith-Jackson & Wogalter, 2000).
We chose “human systems engineering” as the titular framing for this book to
emphasize the preceding themes, perspectives, and problem-solving approaches. In
addition, two of the editors (Roscoe and Chiou) are HSE faculty at Arizona State
University. However, other scholars and our chapter contributors are welcome to
refer to “human factors,” “ergonomics,” or other disciplines and terminology—we
wholeheartedly embrace this plurality.
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