Obectives of Research :

The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered as yet through the application of scientific procedures. Each research study has its
own specific purposes. But following are the objectives of research in broad groupings :

1) To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it i.e.,

2) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group

3) To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else i.e., diagnostic reasearch studies.

4) To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables i.e., hypothesis- testing

Classification of Research :

The research activities are conducted with sole object of finding salutations to unsolved problems,
so that the services to the society can be provided. There are various approaches for conducting
research activities and important amongst them are explained here :

(1) Pure and applied research : Pure research is also called as fundamental research. This is
conducted with view for the sake of the knowledge having no intention of its application. This
study is conducted for generalization which will help us to form certain theory. In pure research
if study is conducted to assess human behaviour, it may provide us generalization in relation to
normal human behaviour. Pure research offer solutions to many practical problems. It helps us to
find out various crucial factors. It develops many alternative salutations.

Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing society or an
industrial/business organisation. Research aimed at certain conclusions (say a solutions) facing a
concrete social or business problem of the marketing research or evaluation research are
examples of applied research. Applied research has a practical problem- solving emphasis,
although problem solving is not always generated by a negative circumstances. Applied research
is often used to evaluate opportunities. There is a vast scope for applied research in the field of
technology, management, commerce and economics, as it contributes to the development of
new facts or testing of new theory. Applied research can put theory to the test, it may add to
conceptual clarification and integrate previous existing theories. Thus, central aim of applied
research is to find out a solution for some pressing practical problem.

(2) Descriptive and Analytical Research : Descriptive research is termed as Ex-post-facto

The main important aspect of this type of the study is that the researcher has no control on the
variables under investigation, he can only describe things as they exist and discover the causes.

Analytical research relates to critical evaluation of the existing facts and information is made in
order to draw certain conclusions.

(3) Quantitative and Qualitative Research : quantitative denotes methods that generate
data comprising of numbers. This research is conducted for the measurement of quantity and
it is applicable to the work which can be Express in terms of quantity only.

Quantitative research relates to quality involved in assessment it generates the data that is verbal.
Assessment of human behaviour is a qualitative research.

It is very difficult to find out which research is quantitative and which one is qualitative. There are
four main methods for this type of research work- interview ,questionnaires, observations and
document analysis. On the basis of their explanation of this can be exclusively labelled as
quantitative or qualitative. Accordingly, the labels of quantitative and qualitative should be applied
to data rather than to methods.

Motive research is important type of qualitative research , which is conducted to assess the the
motive or desire of human behaviour. Likewise opinion research is also qualitative research
conducted to know how people feel about particular subject.

(4) Conceptual and Empirical Reasearch : Conceptual research is conducted by the

Empirical research is based on observation or experience without due regards to theories. In this
type of research working hypothesis is provided then is collected to prove or disprove this.
Researcher here sets up the design for desired results.

(5) Exploratory and Formalized Research : The research study in which hypothesis is
developed is called exploratory reasearch. Whereas when hypothesis is tested in the research
study it is called as formalized research.

(6) Survey Research : a survey is conducted with an object to understand specific aspect ine
define population. Usually the population in study is so large that the excess to all the elements it
is impossible.

Therefore sample taken from the population I will make it possible to draw the conclusions
regarding population. The purpose of the survey is to understand phenomenon by identifying
influencing factors. They are normally conducted through questionnaires but sometimes
interview method is used to collect necessary information. The method of conducting survey may
also applied to analysing large data files in an organization by using sample form. This method is
widely accepted for following
reasons.

a) Greater amount of objectivity.

b) Greater reality in findings and conclusions.

c) It is most specific method for obtaining data and dependable result.

d) Direct observation of the population is possible resulting accurate results.

e) Survey is extensively used in all the areas for its merit.

(7) Case Study : It is very difficult to define, when the phenomena under investigation are not
readily form its context then case study becomes appropriate. It is characterized by in-depth
study of organisation. It is a concept and intensive study of business situation.

Case study is method of investigation for exploring ad livesituations it is a in depth study off
situation as whole. It is in form of of qualitative and quantitative analysis and careful observation of
situation.

A case study uses various methods for collecting information maybe in form of interview
questionnaires , observation and documentary analysis. By this wide variety of relevant data
is collected.

(8) Action Research : When research is conducted for the study in a single workplace, than
action research is commonly used in such cases. The focus in action research is given in
improving working practices. The action research has practical purpose and it is directed
towards organisational changes in managerial setup.

The action research theories are valid through practice rather than applied independently to
practice. It is conducted through direct action. Action research is conducted in various phases like
baseline survey systematic action and periodical assessment.

(9) Field Investigation : The field investigation is conducted in the assessment of actual
situations. The results in this type of work is more realistic. In order to have these results accuracy
is required to be maintained by making selection of proper sample. In field investigation it is very
difficult to control variables and informants in the field.

(10) Evaluation Research : The evaluation of any project is the subject matter of the evaluation
research. This type of study is conducted to evaluate ongoing projects are project already carried
on. The performance evaluation, job evaluation and PERT are main aspects of the studies.

(11) Library Research : When secondary data is reliable enough to be used for drawing
conclusions than library research is useful. This type of research is based on the assessment of
the data available from books, periodicals and journals available in the library.

Characteristics of Research :
1. Define the purpose

2. Controlled

3. Rigorous

4. Systematic

5. Valid and verifiable

6. Empirical

7. Critical

8. Present findings unambiguously

9. Reveal of limitations frankly

10. Detail of research process