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The Developing Genome An Introduction to Behavioral
Epigenetics 1st Edition David S. Moore Digital Instant
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Author(s): David S. Moore
ISBN(s): 9780199922345, 0199922349
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File Details: PDF, 2.91 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
The Developing Genome
 The Developing
Genome
An Introduction to Behavioral Epigenetics

DAV I D S . M O O R E

1
 1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of
Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,
scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

Oxford New York

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in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by

Oxford University Press
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© Oxford University Press 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law,
by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization.
Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

A copy of this book’s Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress
ISBN 978–0–19–992234–5

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
The beginning of modern science can be dated from the time when
such general questions as, “How was the universe created? What is
matter made of? What is the essence of life?” were replaced by such
limited questions as “How does a stone fall? How does water flow in
a tube? How does blood circulate in vessels?” This substitution had
an amazing result. While asking general questions led to limited
answers, asking limited questions turned out to provide more and
more general answers.
—François Jacob, 1977

The biology of the mind has now captured the imagination of the sci-
entific community of the 21st century, much as the biology of the gene
fascinated the scientists of the 20th century.
—Eric Kandel, in his speech to the Nobel Foundation, 2000
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments  ix

PA RT I W H AT ’S T H E BIG DE A L? G ET T I NG U P TO SPE ED

1. Context   3
2. Phenotypes   10
3. Development   18
4. DNA   24
5. Zooming in on DNA   28
6. Regulation   36
7. Zooming in on Regulation   44

PA RT I I W H AT DO W E K NOW ?

8. Epigenetics   55
9. Zooming in on Epigenetics   65
10. Experience   75

11. Zooming in on Experience   81

12. Primates   90

13. Memory   103

14. Zooming in on Memory   115

viii Contents

15. Nutrition   125

16. Zooming in on Nutrition   135

PA RT I I I T H E M E A N I NGS A N D M EC H A N IC S
OF I N H ER I TA NCE

17. Inheritance   145

18. Multiplicity   156

19. Evidence   167

20. Grandparents   178

PA RT I V I M PLIC AT IONS

21. Caution   189

22. Hope   196

23. Conclusions   213

Notes  223
References  275
Index  301
 ACK NOW L E DG M E N TS

It would have been completely impossible for me to write this book without the
support and active help of numerous individuals and institutions. I am partic-
ularly grateful to Philip D. Zelazo for motivating me to learn about behavioral
epigenetics; to Mark S. Blumberg for calling the attention of Oxford University
Press to my nascent book on this topic; and to my agent, Miriam Altshuler, for her
tireless and ongoing efforts on my behalf. In addition, I received feedback on ear-
lier versions of my manuscript from several friends and colleagues to whom I am
indebted; the final version is undoubtedly better than it would have been without
the helpful comments of Dawn M. Moore, J. Steven Reznick, Daniel K. Feinberg,
Mark S. Blumberg, Jerome Kagan, and one anonymous reviewer. From the earliest
stages of my career through the final stages of this book project, I have been lucky
enough to have a large number of colleagues and friends with whom I have been
able to share ideas, books, and/or papers, and I greatly appreciate their intellec-
tual generosity; they include Robert Lickliter, J. Steven Reznick, Jerome Kagan,
Philip R. Zelazo, David J. Lewkowicz, Moshe Szyf, Patrick O. McGowan, Ziv
Machnes, Janet F. Werker and the students and staff in her lab, and several mem-
bers of the faculty at Pitzer College, notably Emily Wiley, Brian L. Keeley, and
Alan P. Jones. Writing a book like this also required some very special locations
where I could sit undisturbed for hours on end while remaining near outstand-
ing libraries and exceptional caffeinated beverages; my efforts to get my thoughts
on “paper” were greatly facilitated by the Whiteley Center at the University of
Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories, the University of British Columbia,
the Claremont Colleges, Niall and Cathy Burnett, Cynthia Adams, and numer-
ous cafés in Victoria and Vancouver, British Columbia. And although all of the
members of my family were helpful and supportive as I worked on this project,
I benefited in particular from conversations with Irwin B. Moore, Beryl Moore,
and Michael B. Jones.
Special thanks are due to my beloved wife, Dawn M. Moore, who tolerated my
struggles with this project, who sacrificed years without a proper vacation, who

ix
x Acknowledgments

read each of my words with thoughtful consideration, who created all but four of
the beautiful figures gracing the pages of this book, and who provided me with
indispensable encouragement whenever I ran into obstacles while composing this
treatise. She was absolutely the sine qua non for this project, and I cannot possibly
thank her enough.
D. S. M.
Claremont, California 2014
 PA R T I

WHAT’S THE BIG DEAL?

GETTING UP TO SPEED
 1

Context

The British Empire in North America got off to a rocky start. A metal plaque in
St. John’s, Newfoundland—the easternmost spot in Canada—commemorates
the landing of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who on August 5, 1583, took possession of
“this new found land in the name of his sovereign Queen Elizabeth [and] thereby
founded Britain’s overseas empire.” Looking at the plaque, it is easy to imagine
Gilbert’s sense of victory at his accomplishment and to imagine him returning to
great fanfare in London, where he could live out the rest of his days amid an ador-
ing public. What the plaque fails to record is that Gilbert was actually lost at sea
35 days later as he sailed home; he was never seen again.
Fortunately for the English, Gilbert’s mother had another son, Gilbert’s
half-brother Walter. When his half-brother drowned, Walter was only 29 years
old, but his youth didn’t stop Queen Elizabeth from granting him a charter to
carry out the transatlantic expeditions Gilbert had planned and financed before
his death. Just 6 months after Gilbert disappeared at sea, the queen granted
Walter the right “to discover, search, finde out, and view such remote, heathen
and barbarous lands, countries, and territories, not actually possessed of any
Christian Prince.” Walter ultimately became such a favorite of the queen that she
knighted him in the mid-1580s, which is why we have since known him as Sir
Walter Raleigh.
Elizabeth’s charge to Raleigh was to establish a colony—in her words, “to
inhabite or remaine, there to build and fortifie, at the discretion of the said Walter
Ralegh.” Raleigh never traveled to North America himself, but an expedition he
sent in 1587 did establish a colony in what is now North Carolina. But “remaine”
it did not. The Roanoke Colony was founded as a collection of families with a
combined population of more than 100 men, women, and children, but less than
two years after the colonists were left to live off of the rich American land, ships
returning to the location from England found not a soul in residence.1 The site did
not contain any signs of distress or struggle, and to this day, no one knows for sure
what happened to the colonists, which is why Roanoke is now known as “the lost

3
4 pa r t i: w h at ’s t h e big de a l? g e t t i ng u p to s pe e d

colony.” Among the hypotheses that have been floated to explain the mysterious
disappearance of the colonists are that they tried to sail back to England and died
at sea or that they relocated to live among local Native American tribes. But there
is little archaeological support for any of these claims.
In the late 1990s, a tantalizing new bit of evidence about the failure of the col-
ony came to light. By looking at the rings in centuries-old cypress trees in south-
eastern Virginia, a team of scientists discovered that in the three-year period
when the Roanoke Colony disappeared, the region was in the midst of the worst
drought in 800 years.2 The extreme lack of available water during this period
would have made it very difficult for the colonists to survive. Armed with their
data, the scientists concluded that although the “colonists have been criticized
for poor planning, poor support, and a startling indifference to their own subsis-
tence, . . . the tree-ring reconstruction indicates that even the best planned and
supported colony would have been supremely challenged by the climatic condi-
tions of 1587–1589.”3
In the 1960s and 1970s, social psychologists learned from their experiments
that observers often underestimate the power of situations to influence what
people do. For instance, if an observer hears a person tell a lie, the observer will
typically attribute the lie to the individual’s personality, even if virtually every-
one would lie in the situation the person was in; that is, the observer will judge
the person’s character and fail to understand that it was really the context that
provoked the lie.4 In evaluating what happened to the Roanoke Colony, this
kind of error-of-attribution could explain why the colonists have traditionally
been criticized for their own demise, even when the failure of the colony might
best be understood as having been caused by a situational factor, the drought.
It seems that for human beings, it is always easier to see the influences of a
person—or any active party—than it is to see the influences of the person’s
context, even if the contextual factors might be just as important as the active
party’s characteristics.
Of course, it is a mistake to see the failure of the Roanoke Colony as being com-
pletely determined by the weather. After all, the colony at Jamestown was estab-
lished not long after the Roanoke Colony, and although the residents at Jamestown
also experienced a drought worse than any in that area for over 750 years, 5 their
colony survived—if only by the skin of its teeth!—and went on to serve as the
capital of the colony of Virginia for over 80 years. So rather than understanding
these historical events as reflecting the characteristics of the colonists or the char-
acteristics of their situations, a better way to think about these events is in terms
of the interactions that occur between people and their contexts. When we try to
understand why things unfold as they do, it’s often helpful to recognize that mul-
tiple factors play a role in any outcome. For colonial America to emerge as it did,
some vital combination of people and situations was required.
 Context 5

The End of Nature Versus Nurture

This book is about how individuals come to be as they are. For thousands of
years, words in the Hebrew bible about sparing “the rod” have been understood
to mean that we grow up to be the adults we are at least in part because of the
experiences we have at the hands of our parents. In the 20th century, biologists
discovered that we are also profoundly influenced by the molecules of DNA we
inherit from our parents. These dual influences—experiences and DNA—are
associated with nurture and nature, respectively, ideas theorists have been argu-
ing about at least since 1582, the year before Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for
the Crown; that year marked the publication of an influential book on education
called Elementarie, written by one Richard Mulcaster—the headmaster of what
was at the time the largest school in England—who used the words “nature” and
“nurture” to describe the factors that influence how children develop.6
My earlier book The Dependent Gene is about how genes cannot be
single-handedly responsible for our characteristics; that book is essentially an
argument against genetic determinism, the idea that genes can determine the nature
of our characteristics. Even though many nonscientists think there are genes that
cause us to have the eye colors we have, genes that cause some of us to develop
certain diseases, and genes that cause some of us to be smart or musical or funny,
the truth is that genes are only half of the story. Just as we can’t understand the
fate of the Roanoke Colony by considering only its colonists (or the drought), we
can’t understand why some of us have brown eyes and some of us have blue eyes
by considering genetic factors alone (even if your biology teachers in school told
you we can). The fact is, people’s characteristics—including both physical traits
like facial structure or psychological traits like personality—result from interac-
tions that occur between biological molecules and their contexts.7 This will not
be news to people who have read about this topic before, but to anyone new to the
area, it might be surprising. The nature-versus-nurture debate is passé, because
scientists now understand that genetic factors and situational factors both always
play roles in the development of our traits. Consequently, as I explained in my
earlier book, it is useful to adopt the perspective that neither factor is ever more
important than the other.
In the late 1990s while I was working on The Dependent Gene, I had a conver-
sation with my father about the nature of development. He was engaged by this
question because he is a medical doctor, and he remains interested in the ques-
tions that drive contemporary scientists. But when I told him about my interest
in a process called “epigenesis,” he confessed to me a natural dislike of that term.
As a physician, he was familiar with the prefix “epi,” from the Greek root meaning
“above,” “on,” or “on top of,” but the whole notion of there being things “on top
of ” genes made no sense to him. I countered that the word really just captured the
6 pa r t i: w h at ’s t h e big de a l? g e t t i ng u p to s pe e d

idea that there are factors that are metaphorically “above” genes, factors that influ-
ence genetic functioning and, as a result, development. When scientists talk
about epigenesis like this, they have in mind all of the nongenetic factors that
influence an organism’s development, including factors like hormones or the
social contexts in which some animals live their lives. But to my father-the-doc-
tor, this metaphorical meaning was unsatisfying; for him, the word “epigenetic”
should refer only to things physically “on top of ” the genes. And in the 1990s, my
understanding of such things was vague at best, and my father was not convinced
that any such things even existed at all.
Now, less than two decades later, things are different. Epigenetics is a well
established subbranch of biology, and the new discoveries of epigeneticists have
generated an enormous amount of excitement in several different disciplines,
including oncology, nutrition, psychology, philosophy, and others. In fact, there
actually are things on (or, at any rate, attached to) our DNA—they are often
referred to as “epigenetic marks”—and as it turns out, these things play critical
roles in how DNA functions. For this reason, epigenetic processes influence virtu-
ally all of our characteristics. And although scientists have only just started learn-
ing what there is to know about epigenetic marks, the discoveries made so far have
been truly groundbreaking. Because some epigenetic marks can be influenced by
our experiences (and other aspects of the environments we occupy), such marks
are being invoked to explain things as diverse as the differences between identical
twins, the effects of our diets on our health, and the influence of mothers’ behav-
iors on how stressed their offspring are as adults. This is why discoveries about
epigenetics have helped undermine the nature-nurture debate; because epigen-
etic events happen at the interface between DNA and its environment, they can
help us see how our features always arise from both nature and nurture, just as the
success or failure of the first American colonies depended on both the colonists
and their situations.

Psychology and Biology

As a developmental psychologist, I’m interested in how psychological traits
develop. To get a grasp on those processes, I’ve found it useful to learn about biol-
ogy. Biology is important for psychology because our personalities, behaviors,
emotions, and thoughts all depend on the structures and functions of our brains,
a biological organ. Other organs contribute to psychological characteristics as
well; our guts, for instance, have long been known to play critical roles in influenc-
ing our emotions and motivating our behaviors. Of course, understanding some-
one’s psychology will always require more than just understanding their organs,
because what we think, feel, and do is affected by factors outside of our bodies. But
because biology contributes to all psychological phenomena, trying to understand
 Context 7

psychology with very little understanding of biology is a bad idea (even if some of
my students are not happy to hear this news on the first day of my Introduction to
Psychology courses)!
It is equally important, though, to remember that factors outside of our bodies
affect our biological systems just as they affect our thoughts and behaviors. If you
were trying to understand a normal person’s heart rate changes over the course of
a day, you would be hopelessly confused by the sudden spike in her pulse if you
didn’t realize that it was correlated with the unexpected sight of her latest flame.
Just as we understand that our experiences influence our mental states, anyone
who has studied, for example, how depression influences weight gain8 or how
psychological stress contributes to adverse cardiac events9 understands that our
experiences influence our bodily states as well. Once you start to think about it, it
becomes clear that there is a fundamental similarity between what happens when
your organs behave (e.g., your heart beats) and what happens when you behave
(e.g., you smile at a friend). For this reason, biological and psychological charac-
teristics really ought not be considered distinctly different things.
Scientists have been interested in how psychology is related to biology for
well over 100 years,10 but it is only recently that they have started to get a handle
on how DNA, proteins, and the other molecules in our cells contribute to our
psychological traits. The new understandings now coming into focus have their
roots in biology, but recent research in a field known as behavioral epigenetics has
started to show how our molecular biology influences our psychological states
and how our psychological states influence our molecular biology. This book will
focus on this two-way highway of influence.
The insights of behavioral epigenetics have the potential to change how we
treat ourselves and other people, so they are too important to remain the property
of biologists alone. These lessons must be made available to everyone. But while
the conclusions we can draw from recent work in epigenetics are fascinating and
potentially important, the real news here is in the molecular details. It is difficult
to get a deep appreciation of the power of this emerging domain of knowledge
just by hearing the takeaway message; getting a good feel for epigenetics requires
looking under the hood. Unfortunately, what is under the hood can be a bit intim-
idating, because molecular biology is extremely complex. My hope is that my
background as a nonbiologist will enable me to tell the story of epigenetics in a
comprehensible, relatively jargon-free way.
Having said that, different readers will almost certainly be looking for differ-
ent levels of detail from a book like this, so I will tell the story of behavioral epi-
genetics on two different levels. Six of the 23 chapters in this book will involve
“Zooming in” on the topic of the preceding chapter. It is possible to skip these
more detailed chapters and still have the experience of reading a seamless book,
because the other seventeen chapters provide all of the information required to
understand the principal messages that have emerged from research in this field.
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Unit 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 42: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 43: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 6: Historical development and evolution
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 51: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 52: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 54: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 56: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 65: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 66: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 8: Literature review and discussion
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 78: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 81: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 83: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 10: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 90: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 93: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 11: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 101: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 103: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 104: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 106: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 107: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 108: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 109: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 12: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 111: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 112: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 118: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 118: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 13: Key terms and definitions
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 122: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 123: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 125: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 125: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 128: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 14: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 131: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 132: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 134: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 138: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 15: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 142: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 146: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 147: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 149: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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