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WHO KILLED
HOW THE CIA GOT AWAY WITH MURDER CHE?
OR BOOKS
New York
© 2011 Michael Ratner and Michael Steven Smith.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except brief
passages for review purposes.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
DEDICATION
Preface 9
Foreword 11
Chronology 15
Documents 83
Acknowledgements 197
Index 201
PREFACE
Four years ago, and ten years after our initial Freedom of Information Act request
for the American secret police dossier on Che Guevara, we received a second batch
of documents from the U.S. government [Document 44, p195]. The first batch
resulted in our 1997 book, Che Guevara and the FBI: The U.S. Political Police
Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary. In it we published documents from
various U.S. government agencies concerning Che. Now, drawing on the new
material we have obtained, and combining it with the large body of scholarship
that has appeared since our first publication, we have produced a book that sets
out the facts and circumstances of Che Guevara’s murder.
As we read the CIA, White House, State and Defense Departments
documents on Che, together with the recent biographies about his life, we
realized that the full story of the CIA’s ultimate responsibility for killing Che had
never before been documented. Rather, the American cover story, that it was the
Bolivians that ordered and carried out the murder despite the U.S government
wanting Che kept alive, has been widely accepted. In these pages we attempt
to set out the truth about these matters. A legal case requires, in essence, the
marshaling of evidence, both factual and circumstantial. With the publication
of these documents, together with our commentary relating to their historical
context, we hope we have presented the evidence with sufficient force and clarity
to persuade the reader, as we ourselves have been persuaded, that it was the CIA
who killed Che.
Michael Ratner
Michael Steven Smith
New York, June 2011
FOREWORD
This book presents a perceptive and coherent explanation of the death of Ernesto
Che Guevara, on October 9th 1967, after he had been captured, injured, and
disarmed two days previously. Attorneys Ratner and Smith demonstrate, with
numerous declassified documents and irrefutable arguments, that: “the U.S.
Government, particularly its Central Intelligence Agency, had Che murdered,
having secured the participation of its Bolivian client state.”
It was not just a run-of-the-mill crime. It was one for which a state was
responsible, and the burden of guilt evidently falls on people who held the highest
government posts in Washington. Ratner and Smith set out the magnitude of the
crime: “Under the laws that govern warfare, including guerilla war, the killing
of a prisoner is murder and constitutes a war crime. It is not the actual shooter
who is guilty of a war crime. Those higher up that ordered, acquiesced or failed
to prevent the murder are guilty of a war crime as well. There is no statute of
limitation for this crime.”
Recognizing that Che’s guerilla movement was the most serious threat to
their plans for hemispheric domination, the U.S. government held defeating
Che and his comrades as its highest priority. That its representatives murdered
him, using the intermediaries of Bolivian soldiers, is something that should not
surprise anyone. After all, official violence, including torture and death, practiced
by regimes imposed by the United States—who trained, armed and advised the
torturers and murderers—was by no means rare in those days, or now for that
matter. Rather it strikes us as curious, to say the least, how some have accepted and
disseminated the official American version of the story that the U.S. government
was not responsible for Che’s death.
In the 60s, the United States strived to isolate the Cuban Revolution, and
openly pressed Latin American governments to yield to its anti-Cuban strategy.
A few resisted. Among them, only Mexico was capable of maintaining diplomatic
12 WHO KILLED CHE? HOW THE CIA GOT AWAY WITH MURDER
Regiment) of Cuban Army was transferred to Oriente Province a few days after
landing there on December 2, 1956 of group led by Fidel Castro . . . In late May
1957 entire battalion of approximately 800 men moved to Oriente and is still
there. From 75 to 90 percent of its officers have received MAP training.” And it
was not only the infantry that received instruction from the US: “approximately
70 percent of all officers of Cuban Air Force have received MAP training.”2
Also evident was the American involvement in the Batista dictatorship’s
machinery of repression set up under the Police, the Bureau of Investigations,
the Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities (BRAC), the Military
Intelligence Service, and the Naval Intelligence Service. The officers in these
organizations had studied in American academies, and American advisors were
stationed in their headquarters.
As the crisis of the Cuban dictatorship intensified, concern rose in
Washington. On Christmas Eve 1958, in a dramatic meeting at the White
House, the Head of the CIA asserted that “we ought to prevent a Castro victory,”
and the Secretary of State, summarizing the discussion, observed that “opinion
as to the undesirability of a Castro regime appeared to be unanimous.” A couple
of days later, Eisenhower indicated that “he did not wish the specifics of covert
operations to be presented to the NSC.”
These efforts, of course, failed and the struggle of the people of Cuba
against Batista’s dictatorship was successful. The United States then intensified its
covert operations, launching an economic war, military aggression, and terrorist
violence against Cuba. In all of this activity it attempted to adhere to Eisenhower’s
guideline that: “our hand should not show in anything that is done.”
Among the many ways that the American empire has used to preserve its
dominance, suppression and manipulation of information stands out. The
essence of this is to conceal or falsify the truth and spread the lie. Michael Ratner
and the Center for Constitutional Rights have carried out a consistent battle
against such untruths and secrecy. This book serves as an additional proof of its
co-editors’ determination to defend truth, adherence to the law, and freedom.
As the book itself does, I would like to finish with some thoughts on Che’s
legacy. The American empire may have had him murdered in cold blood, with
2
Telegram From the Embassy in Cuba to the Department of State Havana, February
7,1958. (http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cable/cable-2-7-58.htm)
14 WHO KILLED CHE? HOW THE CIA GOT AWAY WITH MURDER
premeditation and cowardice, but it did not succeed in killing him. Today Che
is more alive than ever. He lives on through his image, worn on the chests of
millions around the world. He has become a standard bearer for all those who
want a better world and are prepared to fight to get it. Che remains alive, above
all, in a Latin America that today is building a new politics of independence and
solidarity, a politics that owes a great deal to his ideals and his sacrifice.
His spirit also lives on through the lives of the Cuban Five: Gerardo, Ramón,
Antonio, Fernando and René, who have been unjustly imprisoned for more than
twelve years for fighting anti-Cuban terrorism sponsored by Washington. When
they were kids, they had promised they would be like him. In their prisons,
subjected to cruel treatment, in utter solitude, our five heroes testify that Che is
still with us today.
—Ricardo Alarcón de Quesada, President of the Cuban National Assembly,
May 2011
CHRONOLOGY
involved in training combatants, with the Cubans giving him the nickname
“Che,” an Argentine term of greeting.
November 25, 1956
Eighty-two combatants, including Guevara as doctor, sail for Cuba aboard the
small cabin cruiser Granma, leaving from Tuxpan in Mexico.
December 2, 1956
Granma reaches Cuba at Las Cooradas beach in Oriente Province. The rebel
combatants are surprised by Batista’s troops and dispersed. A majority of the
guerillas are either murdered or captured; Guevara is wounded.
December 21, 1956
Guevara’s group reunites with Fidel Castro; at this point there are 15 fighters in
the Rebel Army.
January 17, 1957
Rebel Army overruns an army outpost in the battle of La Plata.
May 27-28, 1957
Battle of El Uvero takes place in the Sierra Maestra, with a major victory for the
Rebel Army as it captures a well-fortified army garrison.
July 1957
Rebel Army organizes a second column. Guevara is selected to lead it and is
promoted to the rank of commander.
May 24, 1958
Batista launches an all-out military offensive against the Rebel Army in the Sierra
Maestra. The offensive eventually fails.
August 31, 1958
Guevara leads an invasion column from the Sierra Maestra toward Las Villas
Province in central Cuba, and days later signs the Pedrero Pact with the March
13 Revolutionary Directorate, which has a strong guerilla base there. Several
days earlier Camilo Cienfuegos had been ordered to lead another column toward
Pinar del Río Province on the western end of Cuba.
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