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THE COMMON STARLING Sturnus vulgaris L., 1758 REGULAR WINTERING

SPECIES IN THE ALGERIAN SAHARA

Article in Natural Resources and Sustainable Development · May 2022

DOI: 10.31924/nrsd.v12i1.000

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 Natural Resources and Volume 12, Issue 1, 2022
Sustainable Development DOI: 10.31924/nrsd.v12i1.099

THE COMMON STARLING STURNUS VULGARIS L., 1758

REGULAR WINTERING SPECIES IN THE ALGERIAN SAHARA
Chedad Abdelwahab*#, Adamou Nedjla**, Abdelhakim Bouzid***, Djamel Bendjoudi****,
Omar Guezoul*****

*University of Ouargla, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Saharan Bio-Ressources,

Directorate of Forest Conservation of Ghardaïa, Ghardaïa, Algeria
**University of El Oued, Department of Biological Sciences; Directorate of Forest Conservation of
Touggourt, Algeria
***University of Ouargla, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Saharan Bio-
Ressources, Guelma University, Wetlands Conservation Laboratory (LCZH), Guelma, Algeria
****University of Blida, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment and
Health, 1, Blida, Algeria
*****University of Ouargla, Department of Agronomic Sciences, Laboratory of Saharan Bio-
Ressources, Algeria
e-mail: [email protected];

Abstract
The availability of food and climate change are among the causes of range expansion of
species, especially birds. During 2016 and 2022, counts were undertaken by direct observation of the
Common starling Sturnus vulgaris L., 1758, using a Nikon P900 camera, based on the Progressive
Frequency Sampling (Echantillonnage Fréquentiel Progressif “EFP”). The species become a regular
visitor at Ghardaïa and an accidental winter visitor at Touggourt during the 6 years of this study. It is
observed near water surfaces, in the interior of oases, palm groves and orchards, which contain a lot
of fruits, seeds, and even other food sources, the latter have made it possible to force the Starlings to
extend slightly to the south in order to spend the winter in these areas. This paper presents a preliminary
study of expansion of the Common starling in Algerian Septentrional Sahara.

Key words: Sturnus vulgaris, wintering, expansion, Algerian Sahara

INTRODUCTION

Why and when do birds migrate? This question is asked many times, it
had several hypotheses and answers. Actually, migration is a series of
physiological and behavioural components (Zink, 2002). Some say because
of food and others because of the weather’s influence, temperature and
climate (Berthold, 1999; Newton, 2008). Global climate change is
influencing species' behaviour, distribution, morphology and population sizes
in a range of spatial and temporal scales (Devictor et al., 2008; De'ath et al.,
2009; Parmesan, 2006).
Lowe et al., 2007, considered the Common starling as one of the
world’s most invasive species. It is classified as Least Concern (LC)
according to the IUCN red list of threatened species, characterized by a wide
range (BirdLife International, 2019). In Algeria, according to the legal status,
it is considered as a scourge by executive decree n° 95-387 of 28 November
# Corresponding author
189
1995 (Decree of the Agriculture Ministry and issued by the National Institute
of Plant Protection). This species belongs to the Passeriformes order,
Sturnidae family (Berlioz, 1950). It was reported to move between Europe
and North Africa, where it is considered a regular wintering bird with variable
numbers. It winters in bands from the east to the west, from Egypt to the
extreme south of Morocco, and across the Libyan littoral zone (Heim de
Balsac and Mayaud, 1962).
The objective of this study is to indicate the expansion of the wintering
known range of the Common starling in Algeria, exactly in the Septentrional
Sahara, notably at Ghardaïa and Touggourt.
MATERIAL AND METHOD

Our study was carried out in Ghardaïa, located in Algerian

Septentrional Sahara (Heim De Balsac and Mayaud, 1962). This region has a
Saharan bioclimate, characterised by mild winters (mean temperature of the
coldest month = 11.5°C), very hot summers (mean peak temperature in July
is 35.5°C) and low annual rainfall (~50–70 mm) (Chedad et al., 2021a).
For monitoring, mapping and defining the phenological status of the
Common starling in the Algerian Septentrional Sahara, notably at Ghardaïa
and Touggourt, we adopted to the Progressive Frequency Sampling
(Echantillonnage Fréquentiel Progressif “EFP”) method, which is a point-
sampling technique (Blondel, 1975), has already been used in Algeria by
several authors (Moali, 1999; Bendjoudi et al., 2013; Farhi, 2014; Souttou et
al., 2018; Chedad et al., 2020a, b; Chedad et al., 2021a, b; Chedad, 2021; El
Bouhissi et al., 2021).
In the present study, the surveys were carried out during the period from
2016 to 2022, counts were undertaken by direct observation using a Nikon
P900 camera. Counts were performed on a regular basis, with periodic
reporting, complemented by additional surveys, particularly during the main
postnuptial and prenuptial bird migration seasons (Chedad et al., 2021c). The
recorded species are noted (absence/presence), for each station visited in
Ghardaïa region and its surroundings (Ouargla, Ménéa and Touggourt)
(Ochando, 1988; Fonderflick, 2006).
Using species occurrence data from the current study, complemented
with additional occurrence data derived from BirdLife International and
GBIF (www.gbif.org). ArcGIS (version 10.8.1 for Desktop: Esri®) was used
to produce species distribution maps.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This study revealed new distribution records of Common starling

distribution in Algerian Septentrional Sahara, particularly in Ghardaïa and

190
Touggourt. This study was conducted between 2016-2022, where this species
is observed for two successive years, on January 2019 and February 2020, in
Touggourt oases (Nezla and Sidi Mehdi). In addition, it was observed every
year, since 2016, during all the wintering period from November to February,
in the whole territory of Ghardaïa near a water surface, oases, palm groves
and orchard (Kef Doukhane in El Atteuf, Oued El Bir in Berriane, Gartoufa
in Guerrara and in Bounoura scientific area) (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Map showing previous and updated distributions of the Common starling in Algeria.
The known range (orange color) was established by BirdLife International (2019)

Individuals and groups are observed feeding on dates, olives and other
fruits which were not harvested from trees. The numbers of this species are
varied from one area to another, often found in groups of 25 to 40 individuals,

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the richest site is Gartoufa in Guerrara with a number reaches 400 individuals
(Table 1).

Table 1
Maximum number of individuals observed in Ghardaïa and Touggourt
(2016-2022)
Geographic Altitude Maximum
Region Site
coordinates (m) observed
3° 51' 26.61" E
Kef Doukhane 418 56
32° 26' 20.12" N
3° 48' 53.79" E;
Oued El Bir 498 78
32° 47' 32.50" N
Ghardaïa
4° 32' 53.10" E
Gartoufa 292 405
32° 45' 30.47" N
Bounoura, 3° 46' 22.23" E
474 30
scientific area 32°23'36.12"N
6° 1' 31.76" E
Nezla 72 35
33° 3' 31.80" N
Touggourt
6° 5' 50.44" E
Sidi Mehdi 80 20
33° 4' 33.97" N

This species is considered a regular winter migratory species in

Ghardaïa and probably a non-regular or accidental winter migratory species
in Touggourt (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Group of Starlings in rest

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 Common starling is a winter visitor in northern Algeria, between
Mediterranean Sea and the southern high plateaus, with old and rare records
in the Algerian Sahara, such as Ouargla, Beni Ounif, Touggourt, Ghardaïa,
Ménéa and Hassi Messaoud (Isenmann and Moali, 2000).
In contrast to all similar studies, in recent research in the northern
Sahara, this species is not mentioned in Ouargla and Ghardaïa but mentioned
at El Oued and Biskra (Farhi and Belhamra, 2012; Ababsa et al., 2013; Farhi,
2014; Guezoul et al., 2017). In general, the Common starling adapts to the
food resources of the environment and modifies its intake food according to
the occupied area (Doumandji and Doumandji-Mitiche, 1994).
It is usually omnivorous, opportunistic, and in the graphic menu is
composed of plant and animal parts (Rahmouni-Berraï, 2009; Berrai and
Doumandji, 2014; Djennas-Merrar et al., 2016; Farhi and Belhamra, 2017;
Berraï et al., 2017; Bada et al., 2019).
In very cold weather, it complements its diet with soft seeds taken from
maize silage fodder for cattle or in plots recently planted in winter cereals
where it collects the germinated seeds (Clergeau, 2000).
This explains its presence in these sites in Ghardaïa and Touggourt,
especially abandoned ones, which contain a lot of fruits, seeds, and even other
food sources such as insects and larvae, the latter has made it possible forcing
the Starlings to extend slightly to the south in order to spend the winter in
these areas.
In Algeria, especially in the Saharan regions, studies on the observed
changes and the expansion of the range of bird species are numerous,
including the Columbidae. The case of the Eurasian collared turtle dove
Streptopelia decaocto which expanded to the north towards the extreme south
of Tamanrasset (Moali and Isenmann, 2007).
As well as several species of Fringillidae in Ghardaïa (Chedad et al.,
2020a) and in some wheatear species (Chedad et al., 2021b, c; Chedad, 2021),
also in Ghardaïa. House bunting Emberiza sahari and House sparrow Passer
domesticus in the extreme southwest at Tindouf (Chedad, 2021; Chedad et
al., 2021a; Haddad et al., 2021). In parallel, the expansion was observed at
some waterbirds species such as Black stork Ciconia nigra, Common crane
Grus grus, Western reef heron Egretta gularis, and European golden plover
Pluvialis apricaria (Chedad et al., 2021d).
Several factors influence the expansion of the range of bird species,
especially from the north to the south, such as: the human activities
(overexploitation of natural resources, different types of pollution,
agricultural expansion, and the creation of green spaces) and changes in
building style (urban development), fires, the appearance of new wetlands,
(particularly the artificial wetlands: oases, dam reservoirs, irrigation
channels) (Clavero and Garcia-Berthou, 2005; Simberloff et al., 2013;

193
Blackburn et al., 2014; Chedad et al., 2020a, b; Chedad et al., 2021a, b, c, d).
Many authors reported that the temperature is a key driver of species
distributions (Thomas and Lennon, 1999; Parmesan and Yohe, 2003).
From an ecological point of view, the Starling has been the subject of
several studies, in particular on its expansion, which has increased
considerably over the last half-century, both by the evolution of its range and
by the local increase in its numbers (Massa, 2006). Furthermore, areas
experiencing larger increases in temperature have experienced faster changes
in species' breeding distributions (Chen et al., 2011), which in turn influences
the composition and biodiversity of regional communities (Davey et al.,
2013).
CONCLUSIONS

The phenomenon of range expansion in Algeria is repeated in several

passerine, such as in the Common starling, whose range has expanded from
north to south to reach new areas of the Algerian Septentrional Sahara,
including Ghardaïa and Touggourt, where this species is observed for two
successive years, on January 2019 and February 2020, in Touggourt oases
(Nezla and Sidi Mehdi), with a maximum of individuals, varies between 20
to 35.
It was observed every year, since 2016, during all the wintering period,
in the whole territory of Ghardaïa near a water surface, oases, palm groves
and orchard (Kef Doukhane in El Atteuf, Oued El Bir in Berriane, Gartoufa
in Guerrara and in Bounoura scientific area), with a maximum of individuals,
varies between 30 to 405.
It has therefore become necessary to review the phenological status of
many bird species, and study the diet of the Common starling, in order to
quantify the damage of the latter on different fruits.

Acknowledgment
We warmly thank the General Directorate of Forests, the members of the National
Network of Algerian Ornithologist Watchers “R.N.O.O.A.”, especially Ms. Mezzi M., Horo
A., Bendoui L., Ben Abderrahmane A., Bouzidi M.A., Ben Ahmed Z., Bendjedidi O., Hadj
Mhammed T. and all Algerian naturalists. Thanks also to the reviewers.

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Received: April 05, 2022

Revised: May 25, 2022
Accepted and published online: May 30, 2022

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