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 TEXT, CASES AND
MATERIALS ON
EUROPEAN UNION LAW

Fourth Edition

Cavendish
Publishing
Limited

London • Sydney • Portland, Oregon

 TEXT, CASES AND
MATERIALS ON
EUROPEAN UNION LAW

Fourth Edition

John Tillotson, BA, LLM, PGCE

Formerly Course Director and Lecturer, School of Law,
University of Manchester
and
Nigel Foster, BA, LLM, Dip German
Jean Monnet Professor of European Law,
Cardiff Law School

Cavendish
Publishing
Limited

London • Sydney • Portland, Oregon

 Fourth edition first published in Great Britain 2003 by
Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House,
Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7278 8080
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.cavendishpublishing.com

Published in the United States by Cavendish Publishing

c/o International Specialized Book Services,
5824 NE Hassalo Street, Portland,
Oregon 97213–3644, USA

Published in Australia by Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Ltd

45 Beach Street, Coogee, NSW 2034, Australia
Telephone: +61 (2)9664 0909 Facsimile: +61 (2)9664 5420

© Tillotson, John and Foster, Nigel 2003

First edition 1993
Second edition 1996
Third edition 2000
Fourth edition 2003

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior permission in
writing of Cavendish Publishing Limited, or as expressly permitted by law, or under
the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the
Rights Department, Cavendish Publishing Limited, at the address above.

You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Tillotson, John
European Union law—4th ed
1 Law—European Union countries
2 Law—European Union countries—cases
I Title II Foster, Nigel G
341.2'422

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

ISBN 1-85941-777-9

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

Printed and bound in Great Britain

 PREFACE

The overriding purpose of this text, cases and materials book is to provide students
with a clear and manageable guide to the main constitutional, institutional,
administrative and substantive features of European Community law within the
framework of European Union law as a whole. The European Community has for
over 10 years been but one ‘pillar’ of the European Union, albeit by far the most
substantial one in legal terms. EC law is therefore part of EU law but, dating back to
the formation of the Community in 1957, the most highly developed part. The EC
Treaty remains the basis for those elements of the law of the Union which have the
most significant impact in the Member States.
The importance of this subject is undeniable. It is a compulsory foundation subject
for undergraduate students on qualifying law degrees. It is studied on other
undergraduate and postgraduate courses for both lawyers and others, particularly
in the fields of politics and business. It is a subject of a diverse and dynamic character
embracing political, economic and social issues and aspirations of which we all—as
individuals and lawyers—are a part.
In this country, we have played and continue to play a part in the rapid
development of this new—50 year old—legal system which, in turn, continues to
flow back, permeate and change not only the operation of our political and legal
institutions, but also the way we engage in business and other affairs, as, for example,
employers, employees and consumers.
No book, no course (particularly one of a single semester nature) could hope to
cover all aspects of this wide-ranging and dynamic subject. Although in this fourth
edition we have endeavoured to cover all the significant developments of the last
three years, and both revised and widened the scope of the text, the treatment remains
selective, whilst falling within the guidelines outlined by the Law Society and the
Council for Legal Education in 1993.
The book falls into four overlapping parts: (1) The European Community and
Union and Law in the Union; (2) The Nature and Effect of Community Law; (3)
Aspects of Community Economic and Social Law; and (4) Remedies and the
Enforcement of Community Law. Efforts have been made throughout to set the
law in its political, economic and social context, particularly by the use of
appropriate materials from a wide variety of sources, including the writings of
specialist academic and other commentators. The subject is inevitably of an
interdisciplinary nature.
Key provisions of the EC Treaty and the Treaty on European Union are reproduced
together with discussion of the nature and effect of amendments since the original
EEC Treaty was signed in Rome in 1957. Account is also taken of key Community
legislative acts and policy making, particularly in the substantive fields of the free
movement of goods, the free movement of persons, gender equality and competition
policy. Decisions of the Court of Justice, the Court of First Instance and other courts
are similarly dealt with, where necessary in some depth.
Since publication of the third edition in 2000, major decisions have been made
at the highest level, the full effects of which will not emerge until at least the
next Intergovernmental Conference in 2004. The Nice Treaty has prepared the
way and the Union is due to increase its membership to 25 Member States. A
new Convention on the Future of Europe is presently preparing a draft
Constitutional Treaty and considering the status of the EU Charter of
Fundamental Rights.
 vi European Union Law

Important decisions by the Community Courts have developed the concept of

Union citizenship, clarified questions concerning collective dominance and brought
closer together the rules on Community and State liability. A CFI decision has brought
to a head criticism of the restricted rights of private parties when challenging
Community legislation. Modernising reform of competition law and policy
continues.
Our thanks go again to Law Librarian Sue Bate and to Lilian Bloodworth, who
has done another magnificent job in processing the book. We are finally happy to
acknowledge a continuing working relationship par excellence with Jeremy Stein
and all at Cavendish Publishing.

John Tillotson
Nigel Foster
June 2003
 NOTE ON TREATY RENUMBERING

The Treaty of Amsterdam (ToA), which came into force in 1999, ‘simplified’ and
renumbered the Articles of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the European
Community Treaty (EC). This ‘simplification’ is ‘anything but’ for the student and
the teacher of the subject.
Prior to the change, the case law and legislation obviously made reference to the
‘old’ pre-1999 numbers, and it is only in a gradual and piecemeal way that ‘new’
numbers are applicable in practice. The only solution is to use both numbers, that is,
pre- and post-ToA. Depending on the context, you will therefore find, for example:
Article 25 (formerly 12) EC or Article 173(2) (now 230(4)) EC or Article D (now 4)
TEU. Where this method would complicate the text too much, you will find, for
example, 25 (12) or 173(2) (230(4)) or even, where this should not confuse, the old or
new number on its own.
 CONTENTS

Preface v
A Note on Treaty Renumbering vii
Table of Cases (Chronological) xvii
Table of Cases (Alphabetical) xxxv
Table of Treaties and Conventions lv
Table of Other Legislation lxi
Table of Abbreviations lxv

PART ONE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND UNION AND LAW IN THE UNION

1 THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND UNION 3
INTRODUCTION 3
DEVELOPMENTS: 1945 TO THE PRESENT DAY 5
The European Coal and Steel Community 6
The European Economic Community and Euratom 9
EUROPEAN UNION AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY 16
Structure of the TEU: the Three ‘Pillars’ 16
Common Provisions (Title I, Articles A-F (now Articles 1–7 TEU)) 16
The Union’s Main Objective 18
Underlying Principles 18
The European Community—Maastricht Amendments to the
EEC Treaty: Extension of Powers 19
Economic and Monetary Union 19
The Maastricht Social Policy Protocol 21
Further Issues 22
Enlargement of the Union 22
The Intergovernmental Conference of 1996 24
The Treaty of Amsterdam 26
The Treaty of Nice 28
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 34

2 THE EVOLVING PROCESS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 35

REGIONAL ECONOMIC CONCEPTS, INTEGRATION AND
THE TREATY OF ROME 35
NEGATIVE INTEGRATION, COMMON MARKET AND
AND THE EEC TREATY 38
POSITIVE INTEGRATION, ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL POLICIES AND THE EEC TREATY 41
THE BONDS BETWEEN NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE INTEGRATION 43
EUROPEAN UNION 44
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 46
 x European Union Law

3 FEDERALISM, SOVEREIGNTY, COMPETENCE AND SUBSIDIARITY 47

A FEDERAL PATTERN 47
NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY, COMMUNITY POWERS AND SUBSIDIARITY 52
Competence and Subsidiarity 54
The Principle of Subsidiarity 56
TRANSFERS OF SOVEREIGNTY AND PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY 60
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 63

PART TWO
THE NATURE AND EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LAW

4 THE NATURE AND MAIN SOURCES OF COMMUNITY LAW 67

THE SOURCES OF COMMUNITY LAW 67
The Founding Treaties 67
Community Law Making Acts (Community Legislation) 69
Decisions of the Court of Justice 78
THE COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE PRINCIPLES
OF SUPREMACY AND DIRECT EFFECT OF COMMUNITY LAW 79
Reaction in the Member States 87
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 91

5 LAW MAKING AND THE COMMUNITY’S POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 93

INTRODUCTION 93
THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL 94
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (THE COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS): ARTICLES 202–10 (FORMERLY 145–54) 96
Introduction 96
Council Working Parties and COREPER 97
Decision Making and Voting 98
THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION: ARTICLES 211–19 (FORMERLY 155–63) 98
Composition 98
Functions and Powers 100
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: ARTICLES 189–201 (FORMERLY 137–44) 107
Seats and Political Parties 109
Functions and Powers 111
THE COURT OF AUDITORS: ARTICLES 246–48 (FORMERLY 188(a-c)) 112
OTHER COMMUNITY BODIES 112
THE COMMUNITY LAW MAKING PROCESS 114
Voting in the Council 118
COMMENTS: THE WIDER PICTURE 120
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 123
 Contents xi

6 COMMUNITY ACTS: TREATY BASIS AND CONSTITUTIONAL

CHECKS AND BALANCES 125
TREATY BASIS 125
Alleged Defects in the Treaty Basis of Adopted Measures 127
CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS AND BALANCES 130
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 137

7 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE COURT OF FIRST

INSTANCE (ARTICLES 220–45 (FORMERLY 164–88)) 139
INTRODUCTION 139
THE COMPOSITION AND ORGANISATION OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE 139
ADVOCATES GENERAL 140
THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE 141
PROCEDURE BEFORE THE COURT OF JUSTICE 143
THE COURT OF JUSTICE: POLICY AND THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION 145
THE COURT AND THE TREATY AS A CONSTTTUTION 151
THE COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE 157
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 160

8 DIRECT EFFECT, INDIRECT EFFECT AND STATE LIABILITY 161

THE DIRECT EFFECT OF TREATY ARTICLES 161
THE DIRECT EFFECT OF COMMUNITY ACTS: REGULATIONS 164
DECISIONS 165
DIRECTIVES: CAN THEY CREATE RIGHTS FOR INDIVIDUALS? 167
INDIRECT EFFECT AND ‘SYMPATHETIC’ INTERPRETATION 175
FURTHER CONTROVERSY REGARDING HORIZONTAL DIRECT EFFECT 179
A FURTHER DEVELOPMENT:
THE FRANCOVICH PRINCIPLE OF STATE LIABILITY 182
DIRECT EFFECT, INDIRECT EFFECT AND
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY LAW IN THE UK 189
The European Communities Act 1972 189
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 195

9 REFERENCES FOR PRELIMINARY RULINGS

(ARTICLE 234 (FORMERLY 177)) 197
INTRODUCTION 197
THE MAIN PROVISIONS UPON WHICH REFERENCES MAY BE BASED 199
THE COURTS OR TRIBUNALS WHICH MAY OR MUST REFER 199
DISCRETION, OBLIGATION AND THE COURT’S RULING IN CILFIT 201
CHANGES TO THE REFERENCE PROCESS 209
PRELIMINARY RULINGS ON VALIDITY 212
THE EFFECTS OF PRELIMINARY RULINGS 214
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 216
 xii European Union Law

PART THREE
ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LAW

10 COMMUNITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LAW: ITS NATURE

AND THE IMPACT OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW 219
COMMUNITY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LAW 219
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY LAW AND
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS 223
Legal Basis and Sources of the General Principles and Fundamental Rights 224
Respect for Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and the EU Charter 226
Non-Discrimination 236
The Balancing of Interests and Procedural Rights 237
Proportionality 239
Legal Certainty 241
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 246

11 COMMON MARKET AND INTERNAL MARKET:

THE FOUR FREEDOMS 247
COMMON MARKET 247
COMMON MARKET AND INTERNAL MARKET 250
FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS, SERVICES AND CAPITAL 254
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 258

12 FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 259

A NOTE ON THE ECONOMICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE 259
FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS IN THE COMMON MARKET 261
INTERNAL FISCAL BARRIERS: CUSTOMS DUTIES AND CHARGES 263
DISCRIMINATORY INTERNAL TAXATION (ARTICLE 90 (FORMERLY 95)) 266
Harmonisation of Indirect Taxation 268
INTERNAL TECHNICAL BARRIERS: QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS AND
MEASURES HAVING EQUIVALENT EFFECT 268
DISTINCTLY APPLICABLE MEASURES
(AS IN ARTICLE 2(1) AND (2) OF DIRECTIVE 70/50) 273
DEROGATION FROM ARTICLES 28 AND 29 (FORMERLY 30 AND 34)
UNDER ARTICLE 30 (FORMERLY 36) 276
Protection of the Health and Life of Humans, Animals and Plants 278
Public Morality 280
Public Policy and Public Security 281
INDISTINCTLY (OR EQUALLY) APPLICABLE MEASURES
(AS IN ARTICLE 3 OF DIRECTIVE 70/50) 282
Indistinctly Applicable Measures: the Limits of Article 28 (formerly 30) 288
HARMONISATION MEASURES, THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND
THE INTERNAL MARKET 294
The ‘New Approach’ to Harmonisation 298
 Contents xiii

Codes of Essential Requirements 300

European Standards 301
Article 95(4)–(10): ‘Major Needs’ and ‘New Scientific Evidence’ 303
1992 AND AFTER 304
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 306

13 THE FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND CITIZENSHIP 309

INTRODUCTION 309
The Scope of Legal Protection 311
EC Treaty Provisions 312
WORKERS 313
The Definition of ‘Worker’ 313
Work Seekers 315
Worker Training and Education 316
The Prohibition of Discrimination 318
Workers’ Rights 319
Rights of the Family of Workers 323
The Public Service Proviso 326
The Right to Remain 327
FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT AND FREEDOM TO PROVIDE SERVICES 327
Introduction 327
Scope and Definitions 328
Rights of Entry, Residence and Secondary Legislation 329
Derogation 330
The Realisation of the Treaty Rights 330
Establishment 331
The New Approach: Legislative Intervention 332
The Mutual Recognition of Diplomas Directive (89/48) 332
Practice Under Home Title Directive (98/5) (Lawyers’ Establishment) 334
The Provision of Services 335
Lawyers’ Services Directive (77/249) 337
The Freedom to Receive Services 337
The Derogations from the Freedoms 338
Procedural Safeguards 341
THE WHOLLY INTERNAL RULE AND REVERSE DISCRIMINATION 342
GENERAL RIGHTS OF FREE MOVEMENT, CITIZENSHIP AND
INDEPENDENT NATIONALS OF THIRD COUNTRIES 345
The Treatment of Third Country Nationals (TCNs) 350
Convergence of the Free Movement Rules? 352
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 354
 xiv European Union Law

14 SOCIAL POLICY: EQUAL TREATMENT FOR MEN AND WOMEN 355

INTRODUCTION 355
EQUAL PAY 356
DISCRIMINATION: THE SCOPE OF ARTICLE 141 (FORMERLY 119) 359
THE CONCEPT OF PAY 366
ARTICLE 141 (FORMERLY 119) AND THE EQUAL PAY DIRECTIVE:
WORK OF EQUAL VALUE 372
DIRECTIVE 76/207: THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL TREATMENT 375
Derogations from the Equal Treatment Principle within Article 2
of Directive 76/207 380
Sex of the Worker a Determining Factor: Article 2(2) (now 2(6) as amended) 380
Equal Treatment, Pregnancy and Maternity: Article 2(3)
(now amended as 2(7)) and Directive 92/85 385
Positive Action: Article 2(4) (now amended as 2(8)) 390
WIDENING THE SCOPE OF DISCRIMINATION 394
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 399

15 COMPETITION LAW: RULES APPLYING TO UNDERTAKINGS—

ARTICLE 81 (FORMERLY 85) 401
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY COMPETITION POLICY 401
BASIC OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY COMPETITION POLICY 404
THE ENFORCEMENT OF COMMUNITY COMPETITION LAW
(PRIOR TO ‘MODERNISATION’) 405
ARTICLE 81 (FORMERLY 85): RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS, DECISIONS
AND CONCERTED PRACTICES 407
INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 81 (FORMERLY 85): ITS CONSTITUENT
ELEMENTS: ‘AGREEMENTS…DECISIONS…AND
CONCERTED PRACTICES’ 411
Agreements and Concerted Practices 411
‘Horizontal’ Cases 412
‘Vertical’ Cases 414
Decisions by Associations of Undertakings 416
‘UNDERTAKINGS’ 417
‘WHICH MAY AFFECT TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES’ 418
‘OBJECT OR EFFECT THE PREVENTION, RESTRICTION OR
DISTORTION OF COMPETITION’ 420
‘WITHIN THE COMMON MARKET’ 425
ARTICLE 81(2) (FORMERLY 85(2)) 426
ARTICLE 81(3) (FORMERLY 85(3)) 426
Individual Exemption 427
Block Exemption 429
Block Exemption of Exclusive Distribution Agreements 431
REFORM OF THE LAW ON VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 433
 Contents xv

Block Exemption Regulation 2790/1999 on Vertical Restraints 437

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 439

16 COMPETITION LAW: ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION—

ARTICLE 82 (FORMERLY 86) 441
DOMINANT POSITION AND RELEVANT MARKET 442
Dominance: the Relevant Product Market 443
The Geographic Market: Dominance ‘Within the Common Market or
a Substantial Part of It’ 447
Dominance: the Temporal Dimension 449
Market Power and Dominance 449
ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION 453
Illustrations 454
EFFECT ON TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 462
JOINT OR COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE: ARTICLE 82 AND
THE MERGER REGULATION 463
Merger Control and Collective (Oligopolistic) Dominance 467
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 474

17 ARTICLES 81 AND 82: ENFORCEMENT AND PROCEDURE 475

ENFORCEMENT AT COMMUNITY LEVEL 476
Commission Investigations and Inspections 476
Notification of Agreements 478
Complaints to the Commission 478
Commission Enforcement 479
Infringement Decisions and Procedural Safeguards 480
Fines and Periodic Penalty Payments 480
Judicial Review 481
ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLES 81 AND 82 AT NATIONAL LEVEL 482
National Competition Authorities 482
The National Courts of the Member States 483
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 486

18 INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, FREE MOVEMENT OF

GOODS AND COMPETITION 487
THE DELICATE BALANCE BETWEEN NATIONAL RIGHTS AND
THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 487
Exhaustion of Rights: Consent 489
Common Origin: the Trade Mark Cases 495
Unification of Industrial Property Law 497
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND THE COMPETITION RULES 499
Patent Licences and Similar Agreements 501
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 506
 xvi European Union Law

PART FOUR
REMEDIES AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF COMMUNITY LAW
AT COMMUNITY AND NATIONAL LEVELS

19 JUDICIAL REVIEW AND SUPERVISION OF THE

COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS 509
INTRODUCTION: ARTICLE 230 (FORMERLY 173) 509
ARTICLE 230: DIRECT ACTIONS FOR ANNULMENT 511
(1) Reviewable Acts 511
(2) Locus Standi (the Standing of the Applicant) 512
(3) Time Limits 529
(4) Grounds for Annulment 529
(5) The Effect of Annulment 530
ARTICLE 234(1)(b) (FORMERLY 177(1)(b)): INDIRECT ACTIONS FOR
ANNULMENT AT NATIONAL LEVEL 531
Indirect Challenges and Interim Relief in National Courts 534
ARTICLE 241 (FORMERLY 184): INDIRECT CHALLENGE AT
COMMUNITY LEVEL 536
ARTICLE 232 (FORMERLY 175): DIRECT ACTIONS FOR FAILURE TO ACT 538
ARTICLES 235 (FORMERLY 178) AND 288(2) (FORMERLY 215(2)):
NON-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY OF THE COMMUNITY—
ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES 541
The Basis and Nature of Community Liability 541
Liability for Legislative Acts: the Schöppenstedt Formula 543
Recent Developments: Breach, Equivalence and Discretion 548
Causation and Damage 550
Concurrent Liability 551
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 553

20 MEMBER STATES AND THEIR COMMUNITY OBLIGATIONS:

ACTIONS AGAINST MEMBER STATES AT COMMUNITY AND
NATIONAL LEVEL 555
SUPERVISION AT COMMUNITY LEVEL: ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS 555
Enforcement Actions against Member States: Article 226 (formerly 169) 555
Interim Measures 561
SUPERVISION AT NATIONAL LEVEL: RIGHTS AND REMEDIES
IN NATIONAL COURTS 563
National Procedural Autonomy and the Court of Justice 566
Remedies: Damages and Interim Relief 572
Damages Claims based on Francovich 584
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING 599

Index 601
 TABLE OF CASES (CHRONOLOGICAL)

EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE

1955
8/55 Fédération Charbonnière de Belgique [1954–56] ECR 245 127
1956
9/56 Meroni v High Authority [1958] ECR 133 152
1962
2 and 3/62 Commission v Luxembourg and Belgium
(Gingerbread) [1962] ECR 425; [1963] CMLR 199 264
18/62 Barge [1963] ECR 259; [1965] CMLR 330 76
24/62 Germany v Commission (Brennwein)
[1963] ECR 63; [1963] CMLR 347 76, 530
25/62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 95; [1964] CMLR 29 513–15, 521–23, 525, 526
26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der
Belastingen [1963] ECR 1; [1963] CMLR 105 50, 68, 82, 85, 142, 145, 149–53,
161–64, 173, 180, 188, 199, 203,
222, 245, 263, 556, 565
28–30/62 Da Costa en Schaake [1963] ECR 31; [1963] CMLR 224 203, 205
1963
106 and 107/63 Toepfer v Commission [1965] ECR 405; [1966] CMLR 111 514, 515, 528, 551
1964
6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585; [1964] CMLR 425 79, 81, 145, 154, 201
56 and 58/64 Consten and Grundig v Commission
[1966] ECR 299; [1966] CMLR 418 408, 411, 412, 417, 419, 421, 426, 431,
433, 435, 487, 500, 503, 504, 531
1965
18 and 35/65 Gutman v Commission [1966] ECR 103 530
48/65 Lütticke v Commission [1966] ECR 19; [1966] CMLR 378 542
54/65 Compagnie des Forges de Châtillon v High Authority [1966] ECR 185 73
56/65 Société Technique Minière v Maschinenbau Ulm
[1966] ECR 235; [1966] 1 CMLR 357 410, 419–21, 423, 424, 426, 431, 434, 502
1966
5/66, etc, Kampffmeyer v Commission [1967] ECR 245 551
8–11/66 Re Noordwijk’s Cement Accord [1967] ECR 75;
[1967] CMLR 77 511
1967
23/67 Brasserie de Haecht v Wilkin (No 1) [1967] ECR 407;
[1968] CMLR 26 418–20, 430, 434
24/67 Parke, Davis v Probel [1968] ECR 55; [1968] CMLR 47 488, 499
1968
6/68 Zuckerfabrik Watenstedt v Council [1968] ECR 409; [1969] CMLR 26 72, 535
10 and 18/68 Eridania v Commission [1969] ECR 459 540
24/68 Commission v Italy (Re Statistical Levy)
[1969] ECR 193; [1971] CMLR 611 264
1969
2 and 3/69 Social Fund for Diamond Workers
[1969] ECR 211; [1969] CMLR 335 264
4/69 Lütticke v Commission [1971] ECR 325 542, 543
5/69 Völk v Vervaecke [1969] ECR 295; [1969] CMLR 273 424
41, 44 and 45/69 ACF Chemiefarma v Commission (Quinine) [1970] ECR 661 412, 420
48/69 ICI v Commission (Dyestuffs) [1972] ECR 619; [1972] CMLR 557 412, 413, 425, 463
69/69 Alcan v Commission [1970] ECR 385; [1970] CMLR 337 528
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15

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fuerit gegen

nicht

ad judicium VII

aquam editum

Bergsteiger

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