IPE 3101: Measurement Instrumentation and Control

MEASUREMENT
of LINEAR and ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT

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Linear Measurement
 Steel Rule: Known as scale. Common and
simplest.
 Calipers: For parts which cannot be measured
directly with a scale. Calipers act as accessories to
scales. Calipers consist of two legs; the ends of
legs span the part to be inspected. This span is
maintained and transferred to scale.
 Outside Caliper: Designed to measure
outside dimensions.
Outside Calipers
 Inside Caliper: Designed to measure inside
dimensions.
 Transfer Caliper: Used for measuring
recessed areas from which the legs of the
calipers cannot be removed directly but must
be collapsed after the dimension has been
Inside Calipers
measured. Has an auxiliary arm that
preserves the original setting after the legs
are collapsed.
Transfer Calipers

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Linear Measurement
 Hermaphrodite Caliper: Also known as odd leg
caliper and is a scribing tool consisting of one
divider and one caliper leg. It is used for layout
work.
 Surface Plate: It is a flat surface.

Surface Plate Hermaphrodite Caliper

 Angle Plate: An accessory needed with surface

plates for measurement purposes. The two surfaces
of it are perpendicular to each other.

Angle Plate

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Linear Measurement
 V Block: Widely used for checking out the roundness of
cylindrical work pieces and for marking centre
accurately. Generally the angle of V is 900. The working
surfaces are flanks of vees, base end faces, top and side
faces. Major purpose is to hold cylindrical pieces, or
move to the point, to establish precisely the centre line
or axis of a cylindrical piece.
 Combination Set: Used in layout and inspection
work. It consists of a scale, squaring-head, protector and
centre head. Sliding squaring head is fitted on the
grooved scale. One surface of the squaring head is V-Block
always perpendicular to the scale and it can be adjusted
to any place. Squaring head has a spirit level to test the
surfaces for parallelism. The centre head attachment is
used with the scale to locate the centre of bar stock. The
protector is capable of sliding along the scale. It contains
a semi-circular disc graduated from 0 to 900 on either
side of the centre. It also contains spirit level for leveling
purpose or checking an inclined plane.
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Linear Measurement
 Radius Gauge: Used for checking external
(male radius-“radius”) curved surface and
internal (female radius-“fillet”). Radius gauges
consist of sets of blades on each of which is
stamped the corresponding radius. On one side
external on the other side internal radius. Radius
gauges are used with proper light, placing the
work between light source and eye.
 Vernier Calipers: Self Study.

Vernier Caliper

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Linear Measurement
 Vernier Height Gauge: A sort of vernier caliper,
equipped with a special base block and other
attachments which make the instrument suitable for
height measurements. The upper and lower surfaces
of the measuring jaws are parallel to the base, so that
it can be used for measurement over or under a
surface.
 Vernier Depth Gauge: For measuring the depth of

Vernier Height Gauge

holes, recesses and distances from a plane surfaces to
a projection, the vernier depth gauge is used. In
following cases error occur while using vernier depth
gauge-

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Linear Measurement
 Micrometer: Micrometer Screw
Gauge. Self study.
 Pin Gauge: Diameter of the large
bore which cannot be measured by
micrometer or Vernier etc. can be
measured by means of a pin with
spherical ends, the length of which is
slightly less than the diameter to be
measured.
The pin is placed in the bore thus its
axis act as a chord. Keeping one end
touched the other end is brought
across to make contact at the other
side as shown in the figure.

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Linear Measurement
 Slip Gauge: These are
rectangular blocks of steel having
a cross section of about 30 by 10
mm. the measuring faces have a
fine degree of finish, flatness and
accuracy that two such faces
when perfectly clean may be
wrung together. This is
accomplished by pressing the
faces into contact and then
imparting a small twisting
motion while maintaining the
contact pressure.

Slip Gauge

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Angular Measurement
 Bevel Protractor: Simplest instrument for measuring the angle between
two faces of component. It consist of a base plate attached to the main body,
and an adjustable blade which is attached to a circular plate containing
vernier scale. The adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the
centre of the main scale engraved on the body. An acute angle attachment is
provided at the top. It is capable of measuring 0 to 3600.
The vernier scale has 24 divisions coinciding with 23 main scale divisions.
So, least count is 5'.

Bevel Protractor

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Angular Measurement
 Sine Bar: Sine principle uses
the ratio of the length of two
sides of a right triangle in
deriving a given angle.
Measurement is limited to 450
from loss of accuracy point of
view. Sine bar needs additional
equipment like surface plate,
slip gauge, indicating devices to
make measurement. It is used
to measure angles very
accurately or for locating any
work to a given angle within
very close limits. Working
principle is shown in the figure.

Fig: Sine Bar

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Angular Measurement
 Spirit Level: Used for measuring small angle or inclinations and enable the
position of a surface to be determined with respect to the horizontal. Consist
of a sealed glass tube, ground on its inside surface to a convex form with a
large radius of curvature. A scaled is engraved on the glass at the top of the
tube.
If the tube is tilted through a small angle, the bubble will move along the
radius of the tube through a certain distance. The sensitivity of a spirit level is
expressed as the angle of tilt in seconds for which bubble will move by one
division on the tube.

Fig: Spirit Level

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Angular Measurement
 Autocollimator: This is an optical instrument used for the measurement
of small angular differences. For smaller angle measurement, it provides
very sensitive and accurate approach. Auto collimator is a combination of
an infinity telescope and a collimator. Working principle- O is a point source
located at the principle focus of the collimating lens. Thus the rays of light
incident on the lens will now travel as a parallel beam of light

Fig: Auto-Collimator

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Angular Measurement
 Autocollimator (Continued…):
If this beam now strikes a plane reflector which is normal to the optical axis,
it will be reflected back along its own path and focused at the same point O.
if the plane reflector be now is tilted by an angle θ then parallel beam will be
deflected through twice this angle and it will be brought to focus at O' in the
same plane at a distance from O.

Fig: Principle of working of Auto-collimator.

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Thank You All

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