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 Symbols of American Freedom: The Statue of Liberty

Copyright ©2010 by Infobase Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:

Chelsea Clubhouse
An imprint of Chelsea House Publishers
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Staton, Hilarie.
The Statue of Liberty / by Hilarie Staton.
p. cm. — (Symbols of American freedom)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-60413-516-9
1. Statue of Liberty (New York, N.Y.)—Juvenile literature. 2. Statue of Liberty
National Monument (N.Y. and N.J.)—Juvenile literature. 3. New York (N.Y.)—
Buildings, structures, etc.—Juvenile literature. I. Title. II. Series.
F128.64.L6S729 2010
974.7’1—dc22 2009007852

Chelsea Clubhouse books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities
for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department
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Developed for Chelsea House by RJF Publishing LLC (www.RJFpublishing.com)

Text and cover design by Tammy West/Westgraphix LLC
Maps by Stefan Chabluk
Photo research by Edward A. Thomas
Index by Nila Glikin

Photo Credits: Cover: Shutterstock Images; 5: Glow Images RF/Photolibrary; 6: Library of Congress
LC-USZ62-50904; 8: AFP/Getty Images; 12, 32: National Park Service; 13: © North Wind/North Wind Picture
Archives; 14, 16, 25, 31, 37: AP/Wide World Photos; 17: Library of Congress LC-USZ62-102634; 18, 22: Getty
Images; 23: Library of Congress LC-USZ62-60766; 27: © Bettmann/CORBIS; 28: Edward Moran, Statue of
Liberty Enlightening the World, 1886, Museum of the City of New York, The J. Clarence Davies Collection,
34.100.260; 33: Library of Congress LC-USZC4-8050; 35: © JP Laffont/Sygma/Corbis; 39: © Ian Dagnall/Alamy;
40: © Mark L Stephenson/CORBIS; 43: © Alan Schein/zefa/Corbis.

Printed and bound in the United States of America

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All links and Web addresses were checked and verified to be correct at the time of publication. Because of the
dynamic nature of the Web, some addresses and links may have changed since publication and may no longer
be valid.

Note: Quotations in the text are used essentially as originally written. In some cases, spelling, punctuation,
and the like have been modernized to aid student understanding.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 2 8/10/09 9:00 PM

 Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Symbol of Freedom..............................................4

Chapter 2
A Gift Is Created................................................ 10

Chapter 3
Putting Up the Statue........................................ 20

Chapter 4
The Next 100 Years............................................ 30

Chapter 5
Visiting the Statue Today.................................. 38
Timeline.............................................................. 44
Glossary.............................................................. 45
To Learn More..................................................... 46
Index.................................................................. 47

Words that are defined in the Glossary are in bold type

the first time they appear in the text.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 3 8/10/09 9:00 PM

 Symbol of
Freedom

A
huge statue of a woman stands in
New York Harbor. She has many
names. Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi,
who designed the statue, called her Liberty En-
lightening the World. She is often called Lady
Liberty. Most people know her as the Statue
of Liberty.
From its beginning, the statue was a
symbol. It honored ideas: friendship, free-
dom, and government by the people (de-
mocracy). Today, it is still a symbol of these
ideas. It is also the symbol of a country—the
United States of America—and of the fact that
tens of millions of people have come to the
United States from all over the world to seek a
better life.
The Statue of Liberty is on Liberty Island.
This island is in the upper bay of New York
Harbor. It is 1½ miles (2½ kilometers) from
Manhattan, which is part of New York City.
It is less than ½ mile (¾ kilometer) from

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 4 8/10/09 9:00 PM

 New Jersey. The island was known as Bedloe’s Island until its name was
changed in 1956. The statue faces ships entering the harbor from the At-
lantic Ocean. She welcomes people coming to the United States.

The Special Lady

The Statue of Liberty was created in France by Bartholdi, who was
helped by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel. (Eiffel later became world famous for
designing the Eiffel Tower in Paris.) The statue was a gift from the French
people to the United States to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the

Standing on an island and facing toward the sea, the Statue of Liberty welcomes ships
entering New York Harbor.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 5 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H THE STATUE OF LIBERTY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Declaration of Independence.
That was the document, ap-
proved on July 4, 1776, in which
the American colonies declared
their independence from Great
Britain. The statue honored
the long friendship between
the United States and France.
After the Declaration, France
helped the colonists defeat
Great Britain and win their in-
dependence in the American
Revolution. The statue was also
meant to remind people of the
freedom Americans fought for
during the Revolution. To build
the statue, Bartholdi and Eiffel
used modern and older materi-
For immigrants arriving in their new country,
als and methods. The result was
the statue was a symbol of hope. a beautiful work of art.

Lady Liberty: Movie Star

The Statue of Liberty has appeared in many movies. Some films use it to show
that the action is in New York City. In others, like Ghostbusters II, the statue
comes to life. She helps defeat the villains. In some movies, like Saboteur and
X-Men, people are at the statue itself. Sometimes she is shown in pieces. This
often means that the United States or freedom has been destroyed.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 6 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H SYMBOL OF FREEDOM H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Columbia
Colonists in America used Columbia as a symbol. She is a goddess in a flowing
gown. Her name comes from Columbus. During the Revolution, she represented
the ideas that the American colonists were fighting for. Later, she was used in
political cartoons. She was used in World War I posters, but the Statue of Liberty
became the more popular symbol. Today, Columbia is seldom used.

The statue was dedicated in 1886 (ten years later than originally
planned). Millions of people who passed her after that were immigrants.
An immigrant is a person who moves to a new country to live. In the late
1800s and the early 1900s, more than 12 million immigrants arrived in
New York by ship to start a new life in the United States. Most of them
had come from Europe and were very poor. For these people, the statue
was a symbol of hope—hope for a better life. Many Americans today have
grandparents, great-grandparents, or others in their family who passed the
statue when they first came to the United States.
About 30 years after the statue arrived, the United States entered World
War I in 1917 and sent soldiers to fight in Europe. The U.S. government
started to use the Statue of Liberty on posters. Like Uncle Sam and Colum-
bia, it was a symbol that stood for American freedom. All over the country,
people saw its picture. Soldiers returning from Europe by ship cheered
when they saw this symbol of home.
One hundred years after it opened, the Statue of Liberty was very spe-
cial to Americans. When it needed to be repaired, many people sent mon-
ey to help pay for fixing it. Then, there was a huge 100th birthday party
for the statue in 1986.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 7 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H THE STATUE OF LIBERTY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Symbols on the Statue

TORCH Not only is the Statue of Lib-
erty itself a symbol, it also
has many symbols on it.
She is a tall woman, and her
face is calm, but strong. She
CROWN
is dressed in flowing robes
and sandals—like the cloth-
BOOK
ing of an ancient Greek
goddess. This shows that the
democratic government of the
United States is based on ideas
about democracy that were
developed in ancient Greece
almost 2,500 years ago.
ROBES The statue wears a crown.
It has seven spikes—or rays,
like rays of the sun. They stand
for her ideas shining over the
seven continents of the world.
SANDALS The statue’s torch shows
she is lighting the way. The
CHAINS
light stands for freedom and
hope. At first, the statue was
also a lighthouse, but now
the torch is only a symbol.
The Statue of Liberty itself is a symbol of The book she carries has
freedom, and it also has many symbols on it.
Originally the torch was not only a symbol but
a date on it: July 4, 1776—the
a lighthouse as well. date when the Declaration of

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 8 8/10/09 9:00 PM

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H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H SYMBOL OF FREEDOM H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

At the time the statue was placed on what is now called Liberty Island, New York Harbor
was the busiest port in the United States. Nearby Ellis Island soon became the first stop
for millions of immigrants coming to the United States.

Independence was approved and, in effect, the United States of America

was born.
At the statue’s feet are chains. These chains are a symbol of ideas that
stop freedom. But the chains are broken. This means a free people can
break through to find freedom. Also, the statue’s right foot is lifted. It is as
if she is going to take a step. She is moving beyond the chains into a life
of freedom.

Seeing the Statue

Most Americans recognize the Statue of Liberty. They have seen pictures
of it. Millions of small copies of the statue have been sold as souvenirs.
Businesses use pictures of the statue in their advertising for everything
from fruit to jeans. It is on stamps and posters and shows up in many
movies. More than 3 million people, from all over the world, go to Liberty
Island and visit the Statue of Liberty each year.

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 9 8/10/09 9:00 PM

 A Gift Is
Created

D
uring the American Revolution,
France sent soldiers and ships to help
the American colonies defeat Great
Britain. France and Great Britain were en-
emies at that time—each of them wanted to
be the most powerful country in Europe. But
the king of France did not decide to send help
right away. Even before he did, other people in
France decided to help the colonists because
they believed in the ideas of freedom and de-
mocracy in the Declaration of Independence.
One of these people was the Marquis de
Lafayette. He left France and came to America
in 1777, and for the next two years he fought
in the colonists’ Continental Army. In 1779,
Lafayette returned to France, and he helped
convince the French government to send help
to the colonists. The next year, he came back
to America to continue fighting in the Ameri-
can Revolution. Americans were grateful to
Lafayette, and he became a hero.

10

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 10 8/10/09 9:00 PM

 The Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834)
Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette,
was a rich French noble. He wanted France to have a republic like the new
government that was set up in the United States after the American Revo-
lution. After the French Revolution started in 1789, Lafayette worked for
democracy in France, but except for short periods of time, France was not
a democracy during his lifetime. In 1824, Congress invited him back to the
United States for a visit. The U.S. government thanked him for fighting in the
American Revolution and gave him land and money. When he returned to
France, he took American dirt with him. He said he wanted to be buried in
the “soil of America.” He is still a symbol of the friendship between the two
countries.

A revolution in France started in 1789, and soon after that the king of
France was overthrown and killed. In the decades after the French Revolu-
tion, France had several governments. The French disagreed on what their
government should be. Some people wanted it to again be a monarchy,
led by a king. Others wanted a republic.
Edouard de Laboulaye was a French historian and expert on the Ameri-
can government. He wanted France’s government to be more like that of
the United States. In 1865, he talked with many people about having a
French republic. Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi agreed with him. Bartholdi
was a sculptor. A sculptor is someone who creates art by making shapes,
such as statues.
Bartholdi and Laboulaye talked about creating a statue. It would be a
birthday gift from France to the United States for the 100th anniversary of
the Declaration of Independence. It would honor the friendship between
the two countries. Also, they hoped that the idea of the statue would get
more people in France to support a French republic.

11

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H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H THE STATUE OF LIBERTY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Laboulaye felt very strongly about the statue. Bartholdi wrote that he
remembered Laboulaye saying:
“If a monument were to be built in America as a memorial to their
independence, I should think it very natural if it were built by united
efforts, if it were a common work of both nations.”

Bartholdi’s American Visit

Laboulaye encouraged Bartholdi to visit the United States. In 1871, he did.
When his ship arrived in New York Harbor, he saw where he wanted his
great statue to stand. He wanted it on a small island that his ship was

Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi
(1834–1904)
Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi was born in the Al-
sace region of France. In 1870–1871, he fought in
the Franco-Prussian War. This was a war between
France and Prussia (an area that is now part of
Germany). After France was defeated in the war, it
was forced to give Alsace to Prussia. This angered
Bartholdi because the people in Alsace were not
allowed to choose what country they wanted their
region to be part of. This made Bartholdi value
liberty even more than before. Bartholdi was a
sculptor who liked to design large works of art.
In 1869, he designed a huge statue of a woman. It was to be built in Egypt. It
would also be a lighthouse. But it was never built. Besides the Statue of Liberty,
there are other works by Bartholdi in the United States, including a statue of
Lafayette in New York City and a large fountain in Washington, D.C.

12

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 12 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H A GIFT IS CREATED H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

By the 1870s, when

Bartholdi visited the
United States, many
Americans worked in
factories. The workers
here are in a factory
that makes fabric.

passing. It would face

toward the ocean and
welcome people. Bar-
tholdi later wrote, “In
this very place shall
be raised the Statue of
Liberty, grand as the
idea which it embodies
[stands for].”
While he was in the
United States, Bartholdi
saw a country that was
changing quickly. He
visited growing cities,
including Chicago. He
loved American cities,
where new factories and businesses opened every day. Thousands of people
worked in them. Some Americans became very rich at this time. Millions
more worked very hard for very little money. Sometimes children worked
in factories, worked on farms, or made goods at home. Their families
needed their help to survive. New railroads connected farms, factories,
and cities. They carried raw materials and the growing amounts of
manufactured goods that the country was making.

13

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 13 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H THE STATUE OF LIBERTY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

At a large workshop in
Paris, workers made
plaster models that were
used to create the final
copper statue.

Bartholdi was ex-

tremely excited about
his statue and talked
about it with people
all over the United
States. He even met
with President Ul-
ysses S. Grant. He
told Americans that
his statue would be a
gift from the French
people. Most people
who heard about the
statue liked the idea.
In 1875, Laboulaye and others in France set up an organization called
the Franco-American Union. This group raised money to build Bartholdi’s
Statue of Liberty.
More than 180 French cities, large and small, gave money. Businesses
and families gave, too. Some paid by going to special concerts or buying
little statues. It took five years, but all of the money that was needed was
raised. A month after the Franco-American Union began raising money,

14

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 14 8/10/09 9:00 PM

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H A GIFT IS CREATED H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

the French government approved a republican constitution—as Laboulaye

had hoped, France now had a government like that of the United States.

Making Models
When Bartholdi returned from his trip to the United States, he began work-
ing on the statue. He made detailed drawings. He used some ideas from his
earlier project, which never got made, for a huge statue in Egypt. Bartholdi
said he thought of his mother’s face as he designed the Statue of Liberty’s
face. He probably thought about how other artists had also shown liberty
as a woman. He decided that his liberty would be peaceful. She would not
have weapons.
First Bartholdi made a clay model of the statue that was 4 feet (1¼ me-
ters) high. He made changes to it. Then he took it to the Paris workshop
of a company that made artworks out of metal. This company had built
other large statues.
Under Bartholdi’s direction, workers at the company made a plaster
model that was 9 feet (2¾ meters) high. With exact measurements, they
made a third plaster model that was 36 feet (11 meters) high. The work-
ers then made thousands of measurements to make the pieces of a final
plaster model that, if put together, would be the same size as the statue:
151 feet (46 meters) tall. (This last model was not put together, though. It
would have been too tall to fit in the workshop.)

A Copper Skin
Following Bartholdi’s directions, workers then built a wooden form around
the outside of each piece of the final plaster model. They used small pieces
of wood placed very close together. When they took off each form, the
inside of the form was the same as the outside of that piece of the plaster
model. Next, they pounded sheets of thin copper onto the inside of each
wooden form. This was an old way of molding copper.

15

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H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H THE STATUE OF LIBERTY H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

The wooden form used to create the statue’s left hand was so large that workers
could stand in it.

Bartholdi chose copper because it was thin but strong. Each of the
300 sheets of copper the workers used was about as thick as two pennies.
These sheets were cut into shapes and then pounded into the wooden
forms. Later, all of these molded copper pieces could be put together to
make the copper “skin” that is the outside of the statue.

A Strong Frame
Bartholdi knew that the copper skin would need a strong frame inside it.
He asked Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel to design it. Eiffel used modern meth-
ods to create a frame with three parts. Inside the center of the statue was
a strong iron tower that would connect to the statue’s base. Then, metal

16

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H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H A GIFT IS CREATED H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel
(1832–1923)
Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel was known for build-
ing large and strong railroad bridges using
the newest methods, or technology. He used
these same new ideas for the Statue of Lib-
erty’s frame. He is most famous for designing
the Eiffel Tower (right). This steel and iron
tower—984 feet (300 meters) tall—was built
for the 1889 world’s fair in Paris that celebrated
the 100th anniversary of the start of the French
Revolution. Until 1930, the Eiffel Tower was
the tallest human-made structure in the world.
When it was built, the Eiffel Tower was not
meant to be permanent. But many people loved
the tower’s graceful beauty and the great views
of Paris from the top. It is still in Paris today
and is the most famous symbol of that city.

beams went out from that tower to the copper skin. These beams were
attached to metal bars that went along the inside of the copper skin. This
allowed each piece of the skin to be attached to a beam. With this kind
of frame, the statue is able to adjust to the weather. It moves in the wind.
When the weather is hot, the copper and metal bars expand, or get bigger.
They contract, or get smaller, when the weather is cold.

Running Late
The whole statue was not ready in time for America’s 100th birthday
celebration in 1876. Instead, its arm and torch were sent to the United

17

Statue of LibertyFNL.indd 17 8/10/09 9:00 PM

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