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"Describe C programming from the beginning, including data types, variables,
operators, control statements, functions, arrays, pointers, structures, file handling,
dynamic memory, preprocessor directives, and how to write efficient programs with
practical examples."
Answer:
Plan
This guide is broken into 10 core modules. each with explanations, hands-on examples, and
mini-projects to reinforce understanding
1: Introduction to C &
Basic Syntax
Duration: 1-2 Days
Topics Covered
History of C, compiling & executing Installing GCC or using an IDE (e.g Code: Blocks, VS Code)
Structure of a C program (Ninclude, main(), ( braces)
printf() and scanf()
Practice:
Write a "Hello, World!" program
Take input for name and age, print a
greeting
2: Data Types, Variables &
Operators
Duration: 2 Days
Topics Covered:
Data types: int, float, cher, doublo, Declaring and initializing variables
Constants and #define
Operators:
Arithmetic (
Relational (1)
Logical (88, |
Assignment and shorthand (
etc.)
Bitwise operators
Practice:
Calculator program using operators Program to compute area of circle. square, rectangle
3: Control Statements
(Conditions & Loops)
Duration: 3 Days
Topics Covered
Conditional statements. if, clso it,
switch-case
Loops
tor, whsto, do while break, continue, and gote
Practice
Print even/odd numbers up to N
Print multiplication table
Menu-based program using switch
4: Functions
Duration: 2 Days
Topics Covered
Function declaration, definition, and
calling
Return values and arguments Call by value vs call by reference
Recursion
Practice
Recursive factorial and Fibonacci Simple calculator using functions
5: Arrays & Strings
Duration: 3-4 Days
Topics Covered:
One-dimensional and multi-dimensional
arrays
String input/output: gets(), puts(),
scanf("%"), strlen(), ssrcpy()
String manipulation using standard
functions (str), strcmp(), etc)
Practice:
Program to reverse an array
Palindrome checker for strings Matrix addition/multiplication.
6: Pointers C's Core
Power
Duration: 3 Days
Topics Covered:
What is a pointer? Syntax, int ptr;
Pointer arithmetic
Pointers with arrays and strings
NULL pointers
Pointer to pointer (int **pptr)
Functions and pointers
Practice
Swap two numbers using pointers
Count vowels using pointer traversal.
Pointer to array example
7: Structures & Unions
Duration: 2-3 Days
Topics Covered
Defining and using struct
Nested structures
Array of structures
union vs struct
typedef
Practice
Store and display student records
Compare two dates using structures.
Employee database with sorting
8: File Handling
Duration: 2-3 Days.
Topics Covered
File I/O modes; r, w, a, ro, wb, etc.
File operations:
fopen(), fclose()
fprintf(), fscanf(), fgets(),
fputs()
Reading/writing files line by line ar
character wise
seek(), ftell(), rewind()
Practice:
Program to read and write student data
Count lines, words, characters in a file
Log system that appends data to a file
9: Dynamic Memory
Allocation
Duration: 2 Days
Topics Covered:
malloc(),calloc(), realloc(), and
Free()
Memory leaks and good practices.
Array allocation via dynamic memory
Practice
Allocate memory for n students and take
input
Reallocate memory when array exceeds
size
Program to manage dynamic list of
integers
10: Preprocessor
Directives & Efficient Programming
Duration: 2-3 Days
Topics Covered
#include, adafing, #ifde, #ifndet,
#undef
Macros with/without parameters
Header files
Writing modular, readable code
Debugging and commenting
Time/space.complexity basics
Practice
Use macro to define constants (like PI)
Create a header file with custom utility
functions
Time comparison between recursive vs
iterative function
Capstone Project Ideas
1. Student Record System Uses
structures, file handling, sorting
2. Bank Management System
Menu-driven app with file-based
persistence
3. Hospital Patient Tracker - Structs +
dynamic memory + file input/output
Mini Shell AppAccepts.commands
and simulates shell-like behavior
Tools & Resources
Compiler: CCC (Linux), Code: Blocks,
Dev-C++, or OnlineGDB
Books:
Let Us C by Yashavant Kanetkar
The C Programming Language by
Kernighan & Ritchie (K&R)
Practice Sites:
HackerRank C
CodeChef
GeeksforGeeks (C section)
Learning Timeline Summary
Module Topic
Introduction
Variables & Operators
Control Flow
Functions
Arrays & Strings
Pointers
Structures
File Handling
Dynamic Memory
10 Efficiency &
Preprocessing
Days
1-2
3-4
