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For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.
Contents at a Glance

About the Author ............................................................................................................. xxiii

About the Technical Reviewer .......................................................................................... xxv

N Part 1: Getting Ready .................................................................................... 1

N Chapter 1: Getting Readys .................................................................................................3
N Chapter 2: Your First Web API Application ........................................................................9
N Chapter 3: Essential Techniques......................................................................................35
N Chapter 4: Understanding HTTP Web Services ................................................................57
N Chapter 5: SportsStore: Preparation ...............................................................................69
N Chapter 6: SportsStore: A RESTful Application ................................................................99
N Chapter 7: SportsStore: Creating the Clients .................................................................131
N Chapter 8: SportsStore: Deployment .............................................................................169

N Part 2: Results and Parameters ................................................................ 179

N Chapter 9: The Anatomy of ASP.NET Web API ................................................................181
N Chapter 10: Creating and Configuring a Web API Application .......................................191
N Chapter 11: Action Method Results ...............................................................................215
N Chapter 12: Creating Media Type Formatters ................................................................243
N Chapter 13: Using the Built-in Media Formatters ..........................................................267
N Chapter 14: Understanding Parameter and Model Binding ...........................................297
N Chapter 15: Binding Simple Data Types.........................................................................325
N Chapter 16: Binding Complex Data Types Part I ............................................................351

v
N CONTENTS AT A GLANCE

N Chapter 17: Binding Complex Data Types Part II ...........................................................389

N Chapter 18: Model Validation ........................................................................................427

N Part 3: Dispatching Requests ................................................................... 449

N Chapter 19: Dispatching Requests ................................................................................451
N Chapter 20: URL Routing: Part I .....................................................................................483
N Chapter 21: URL Routing: Part II ....................................................................................511
N Chapter 22: Controllers and Actions..............................................................................535
N Chapter 23: Filters Part I ...............................................................................................567
N Chapter 24: Filters Part II ..............................................................................................599
N Chapter 25: Error Handling ............................................................................................623
N Chapter 26: Using OWIN.................................................................................................645

Index .................................................................................................................................651

vi
PART I

Getting Ready
CHAPTER 1

Getting Readys

Web API 2 is the latest evolution of Microsoft’s web services toolkit, which allows you to create RESTful applications
built on the ASP.NET platform. It provides a standards-based approach and a high-productivity development model
that makes it easy to deliver services to a wide range of clients, including mobile devices.
In this book, I take you right from creating your first Web API web services to the most advanced techniques
and features. No prior knowledge of HTTP web services or Web API is required. I start with the basics and explain
everything you need to know. In short, this book will give you expert insight and understanding of how to create,
customize, and deploy complex, flexible, and robust HTTP web services.
Web services don’t exist in isolation, so I also show you how to write browser-based single-page applications to
consume them. I demonstrate how these clients influence the way that Web API web services respond and how you
can adapt your web service to different client types.

What Do You Need to Know?

You should be familiar with using the ASP.NET MVC framework to create web applications. This means you are able
to use Visual Studio to write C# classes and know how to use Razor and HTML to create views. The term Expert in the
title refers to the degree of depth that I cover in this book, and you don’t need any knowledge of Web API or HTTP web
services; however, if you don’t know how to use ASP.NET MVC, then you will struggle to follow many of the examples.
If you want to brush up on your knowledge of MVC, then read my Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 and Pro ASP.NET MVC
Platform books, both published by Apress.

What Does Expert Mean?

This book is for programmers who want to understand every aspect of web services development using ASP.NET Web
API. Or, put another way, you want to be an expert in Web API. I dig deeply into the details of how Web API works
behind the scenes in this book and give you a warts-and-all view of how Web API can be used to create sophisticated
and secure RESTful web services. You don’t have to know anything about Web API or HTTP web services before you
start. I build on your existing knowledge of the MVC framework to give you all the information you need.

What Is the Structure of This Book?

This book is split into three parts, each of which covers a set of related topics.

3
CHAPTER 1 N GETTING READYS

Part 1: Getting Ready

Part 1 of this book provides the information you need to get ready for the rest of the book. It includes this chapter and
a primer for the techniques you will need to follow the examples in this chapter. I also show you how to build your first
web service and single-page client and take you through the process of building a more realistic application, called
SportsStore.

Part 2: Results and Parameters

Part 2 of this book focuses on the aspect of Web API that you will spend most of your time on during your first real
projects: the data sent from clients and the responses that you produce in return. I explain how to create different
kinds of HTTP responses using Web API, how to master the data binding process that Web API uses to process request
data, and how to ensure that the data you receive from clients is valid.

Part 3: Dispatching Requests

Part 3 of this book explains how Web API dispatches HTTP requests from the moment they arrive from the client
until the response is generated. I describe all of the steps that a request goes through and show you how to configure
and customize just about every class and interface that Web API relies on to get fine-grain control over how your
web services operate. I show you how Web API uses the URL routing system to support RESTful web services, how
controllers and action methods are selected, and how to deal with errors and cross-cutting concerns. Many of
these techniques are similar to the ones you know from MVC framework development, but Web API uses its own
namespaces and classes and has a different approach than the one you are used to using.

Are There Lots of Examples?

There are loads of examples. The best way to learn Web API is by example, and I have packed as many of them as I can
into this book. To maximize the number of examples in this book, I have adopted a simple convention to avoid listing
the contents of files over and over again. The first time I use a file in a chapter, I’ll list the complete contents, just as I
have in Listing 1-1.

Listing 1-1. A Complete Example Document

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Http;

namespace SportsStore {
public static class WebApiConfig {
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config) {

config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes();

config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);

4
 CHAPTER 1 N GETTING READYS

config.Formatters.Remove(config.Formatters.XmlFormatter);
}
}
}

This listing is taken from Chapter 6. Don’t worry about what it does; just be aware that the first time I use a file
in each chapter there will be complete listing, similar to Listing 1-1 shown here. For the second and subsequent
examples, I show you just the elements that change, in a partial listing. You can spot a partial the listing because it
starts and ends with ellipsis (...), as shown in Listing 1-2.

Listing 1-2. A Partial Listing

...
public Product GetProduct(int id) {
Product result = Repository.Products.Where(p => p.Id == id).FirstOrDefault();
if (result == null) {
throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest);
} else {
return result;
}
}
...

This is a subsequent listing from Chapter 6. You can see that just the GetProduct method is shown and that I
have highlighted a number of statements. This is how I draw your attention to the part of the example that shows the
feature or technique I am describing. In a partial listing like this, only those parts shown have changed from the full
listing earlier in the chapter.
This convention lets me pack in more examples, but it does mean it can be hard to locate a specific technique.
To this end, all of the chapters in which I describe Web API features in Parts 2 and 3 begin with a summary table that
describes the techniques contained in the chapter and the listings that demonstrate how they are used.

Where Can You Get the Example Code?

You can download all of the examples for all of the chapters in this book from www.apress.com. The download is
available without charge and includes all of the supporting resources that are required to re-create the examples
without having to type them in. You don’t have to download the code, but it is the easiest way of experimenting with
the examples and cutting and pasting them into your own projects.
If you do want to re-create the examples from scratch, then you will find that every chapter contains detailed
listings of all the files I create and modify. I never refer you to an external file or hand-wave about leaving the rest of
the example as an exercise; every detail you need to re-create every example is contained within this book.

How Do You Set Up a Development Environment?

The most important software you need for this book is Visual Studio 2013, which contains everything you need
to get started, including a built-in application server for running and debugging Web API applications, an
administration-free edition of SQL Server for developing database-driven applications, and, of course, a code
editor compiler and debugger.

5
CHAPTER 1 N GETTING READYS

Getting Visual Studio

There are several editions of Visual Studio, but I will be using the one that Microsoft makes available free of charge,
called Visual Studio Express 2013 for Web. Microsoft adds some nice features to the paid-for editions of Visual Studio,
but you will not need them for this book, and all of the figures that you see throughout this book have been taken
using the Express edition, which you can download from www.visualstudio.com.
There are several versions of Visual Studio 2013 Express, each of which is used for a different kind of
development. Make sure you get the Web version, which supports ASP.NET applications.

N Note All of the examples in this book will work with Visual Studio Express 2013 for Web, except those in Chapter 26
where I use Visual Studio Express 2013 for Windows Desktop, which allows me to create a console application.

I follow a specific approach to creating ASP.NET projects: I don’t use the predefined templates that Microsoft
provides, preferring to explicitly add all of the packages I require. This means more work is required to get set up, but
the benefit is that you end up with a much better understanding of how an application fits together. I provide a primer
in Chapter 2 that gives an example of what you can expect.

N Tip Visual Studio includes NuGet for downloading and installing software packages. I use NuGet throughout this
book and always specify the version of each NuGet package so that you are sure to get the results that I demonstrate.
If you are in doubt, download the source code for this book from www.apress.com, which contains complete projects for
each chapter.

Preparing Visual Studio

Visual Studio Express contains all the features you need to create, test, and deploy Web API applications, but some
of those features are hidden away until you ask for them. To enable all of the features, select Expert Settings from the
Visual Studio Tools ° Settings menu.

N Tip Microsoft has decided that the top-level menus in Visual Studio should be all in uppercase, which means that
the menu to which I just referred is really TOOLS. I think this is rather like shouting, and I will capitalize menu names like
Tools is here throughout this book.

Getting Google Chrome

In this book, I use the Google Chrome browser. In part this is because it has some excellent F12 developer tools
(so-called because they are accessed by pressing the F12 key) but also because using Chrome allows me to use
Postman, an outstanding HTTP client that makes it easy to test web services by manually crafting HTTP requests.
You can download Chrome from https://www.google.com/chrome/browser and, once it is installed, get the
Postman client from www.getpostman.com. Both are available without charge, but I encourage you to donate to the
Postman developers if you find it useful.

6
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 CHAPTER 1 N GETTING READYS

You will also need the Postman Interceptor extension, which increases the functionality and is available through
the Google Chrome Extension Store as a zero-cost installation. Click the Chrome settings button (the one with three
horizontal lines at the right side of the screen) and select Tools ° Extensions. Search for Postman Interceptor and
follow the installation instructions.

Selecting Chrome for Debugging

You can select Chrome as the browser that Visual Studio will start when you debug a project by selecting it from the
drop-down list of browsers, as shown in Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1. Selecting Google Chrome in Visual Studio

Summary
In this chapter, I outlined the content and structure of this book and outlined the software that is required for Web API
web development. As I said earlier, the best way to learn Web API is by example, and in Chapter 2 I jump right in and
show you how to create your first web service and client application.

7
CHAPTER 2

Your First Web API Application

The best way to get a feel for a new technology is by applying it, so in this chapter I jump right in and demonstrate one
of the most common uses for Web API: adding an HTTP web service to an existing MVC framework application.
This is nowhere near as awkward as it might sound, not least because the MVC framework and Web API share a
common heritage and can use the same data models. In fact, you may be surprised at how little time I spend in this
chapter creating the web service compared with building the example MVC framework application and writing the
JavaScript code that consumes the web service in the browser.
You don’t need to retrofit an HTTP web service to an existing application, of course, and in Chapters 5–8 I build a
more complex example that begins with Web API and puts the HTTP web service right at the heart of the development
process.

N Note I start slowly in this chapter and spell out every detail. I’ll pick up the pace—and the depth of detail—in later
chapters, but I want to make clear the process by which I create projects and emphasize the relationship between the
components in the application.

Preparing the Example Project

Visual Studio includes templates for different kinds of projects. The basic starting point is the Empty project, which
can be set up to include just the files and references required for an MVC or Web API application. Other options add
models, views, and controllers to help kick-start a project by providing commonly used features.
I prefer to work with the Empty template and just have Visual Studio add the minimum initial content—and I
recommend you do the same. This approach gives you greater insight into how an application is put together and
where you need to start looking when something goes wrong. Throughout this book, I’ll be creating projects in the
way that I describe here, so I’ll walk through the process step-by-step in this chapter so you know what to expect.

N Note The example projects that I created in this chapter and in Chapters 5–8 are derived from the ones I used in Pro
ASP.NET MVC 5. You don’t need to have any of my other books to understand the examples, but if you already have
a copy, then you may find it interesting to compare the different approaches required for creating a pure MVC framework
application and one that integrates Web API.

9
CHAPTER 2 N YOUR FIRST WEB API APPLICATION

Creating the Visual Studio Project

To get started, I created a new Visual Studio project. Select New Project from the File menu to open the New Project
dialog window. Navigate through the Templates section to select the Visual C# ° Web ° ASP.NET Web Application
template and set the name of the project to PartyInvites, as shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1. Creating the new project

Click the OK button to move to the New ASP.NET Project dialog window. Ensure that the Empty option is selected
and check the MVC and Web API options, as shown in Figure 2-2. Click the OK button, and Visual Studio will create a
new project called PartyInvites.

10
 CHAPTER 2 N YOUR FIRST WEB API APPLICATION

Figure 2-2. Selecting the ASP.NET project type

Adding and Updating NuGet Packages

One of the most useful enhancements to Visual Studio in recent years has been the addition of NuGet, which makes it
easy to download, install, and update software packages in a project.
I am going to be working with specific versions of NuGet packages in this book to make sure you are able to
re-create the examples and get the same results. The days where Microsoft made enormous releases of the entire
.NET stack every 18 months have passed, and each piece of technology receives more frequent small updates. This
means the versions of the MVC and Web API that are added to projects by Visual Studio may not be the latest versions
available.
Select Package Manager Console from the Visual Studio Tools ° NuGet Package Manager menu and enter the
following commands to update the MVC and Web API packages, as well as the package that is used to process JSON
data (I describe JSON in more detail in Chapter 3):

Update-Package microsoft.aspnet.mvc -version 5.1.1

Update-Package microsoft.aspnet.webapi -version 5.1.1
Update-Package Newtonsoft.json -version 6.0.1

There are two other packages that I rely on for the example application in this chapter and those in later chapters.
The first is Bootstrap, which is a CSS package that makes it easy to style the HTML generated by MVC views. I have no
visual design skills at all—to the extent that I was excused from art lessons at school and allowed to do extra math—
but even I can hack together something that looks appealing with Bootstrap. I prefer to work with a real designer on
complex projects, but for simple applications, Bootstrap works just fine.

11
CHAPTER 2 N YOUR FIRST WEB API APPLICATION

N Tip I don’t describe Bootstrap in this book, but you can get details of the CSS classes I apply at
http://getbootstrap.com.

The second package I use is jQuery, which provides an abstraction layer that simplifies working with the HTML
Document Object Model API and makes Ajax requests simpler and more elegant. jQuery is the de facto JavaScript
library for developing the client-side part of web applications and—just like Bootstrap—has recently been adopted by
Microsoft in the Visual Studio project templates. I provide a primer for using jQuery to make Ajax requests in Chapter 3.
The final package I use is Knockout, which makes it easy to build an HTML client that responds dynamically to the
data returned by a web service or by interactions with the user. I give a brief introduction to using Knockout in Chapter 3.
To add Bootstrap, jQuery, and Knockout to the project, enter the following commands into the Package
Manager Console:

Install-Package jquery -version 2.1.0

Install-Package bootstrap -version 3.1.1
Install-Package knockoutjs –version 3.1.0

Setting the Port and Start URL

The final preparations I need to make specify the TCP port that will be used to receive requests and the initial URL
that will be passed to the browser when the project is started. Select Party Invites Properties from the Visual Studio
Project menu and click Web to open the settings for ASP.NET projects.
Enable the Specific Page option and enter Home/Index in the field. On the same page, change the value in the
Project Url field to http://localhost:37993/ and click the Create Virtual Directory button.
The first change prevents Visual Studio from trying to work out what URL should be shown when the application
starts based on the file you edited most recently, and the second change means that requests will be received on TCP
port 37993.

Creating the MVC Application

In this section, I create a simple MVC framework application that gathers responses from invitees to a party. This is
a variation on the project with which I start the Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 book, and I chose it to emphasize the ease with
which Web API can be applied to MVC framework applications. I spend much of the rest of the book explaining the
differences, so it is good to start with something that focuses on just how much you already know how to do.

Creating the Model

Now that I have created the project, I can add the model. The structure of a Web API application shares a lot with
the MVC framework, which is one of the reasons that both technologies can coexist so well. I created a file called
GuestResponse.cs in the Models folder and used it to define the class shown in Listing 2-1.

12
 CHAPTER 2 N YOUR FIRST WEB API APPLICATION

Listing 2-1. The Contents of the GuestResponse.cs File

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace PartyInvites.Models {
public class GuestResponse {
[Required]
public string Name { get; set; }
[Required]
public string Email { get; set; }
[Required]
public bool? WillAttend { get; set; }
}
}

To create a simple model repository, I created a class file called Repository.cs in the Models folder and used it to
define the class shown in Listing 2-2.

Listing 2-2. The Contents of the Repository.cs File

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace PartyInvites.Models {
public class Repository {
private static Dictionary<string, GuestResponse> responses;

static Repository() {
responses = new Dictionary<string, GuestResponse>();
responses.Add("Bob", new GuestResponse {Name = "Bob",
Email="[email protected]", WillAttend=true});
responses.Add("Alice", new GuestResponse { Name = "Alice",
Email = "[email protected]", WillAttend = true });
responses.Add("Paul", new GuestResponse { Name = "Paul",
Email = "[email protected]", WillAttend = true });
}

public static void Add(GuestResponse newResponse) {

string key = newResponse.Name.ToLowerInvariant();
if (responses.ContainsKey(key)) {
responses[key] = newResponse;
} else {
responses.Add(key, newResponse);
}
}

public static IEnumerable<GuestResponse> Responses {

get { return responses.Values; }
}
}
}

13
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