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 50 Years of
Combinatorics, Graph
Theory, and Computing
 50 Years of
Combinatorics, Graph
Theory, and Computing

Edited by
Fan Chung
Ron Graham
Frederick Hoffman
Leslie Hogben
Ronald C. Mullin
Douglas B. West
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 To the many past and future participants of the
Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics,
Graph Theory & Computing
Contents

Preface xv

Editors xxiii

Contributors xxv

1 Personal Reflections of the SEICCGTC: Origins and Beyond 1

K. B. Reid
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Description of This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Impressions of the Combinatorial Research
Atmosphere in the Late 1960’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Brief Biographies of Early Conference Organizers . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Conference Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Some Non-Conference Activities at the Conferences . . . . . . . . 11
1.7 Conference “Firsts” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.8 Some Mathematics from the Fifth Conference
(1974) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

I Combinatorics 19
2 Some of My Favorite Problems (I) 21
Ron Graham
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Universal Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Combs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 The Middle Binomial Coefficient 2n n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 The Steiner Ratio Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 A Curious ‘Inversion’ in Complexity Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.8 A Final Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3 Variations on the Sequenceable Theme 37

Brian Alspach
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Strongly Sequenceable Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Orthogonal Decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

vii
viii Contents

3.4 Abelian Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3.5 A Poset Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6 The Poset Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.7 Partial Steiner Triple Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.8 Other Decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.9 Sequencing Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4 A Survey of Stack Sortable Permutations 55

Miklós Bóna
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 Three Equivalent Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.1 The Original Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.2 The Original Definition Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.3 The Definition Using Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3 Enumeration Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.1 Exact Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.2 A Surprising Connection with the Pattern 1324 . . . . . . . 60
4.3.3 Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.3.1 Stack Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3.3.2 Computing the Upper Bound for W3 (n) . . . . . . 63
4.4 The Generating Function of the Numbers Wt (n) . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Descents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.6 Further Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5 Dimension for Posets and Chromatic Number for Graphs 73

William T. Trotter
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1.1 Basic Concepts and Results for Dimension . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.2.1 Stability Analysis for Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2.2 Open Problems for Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2.3 Open Problems on Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.3 Maximum Degree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Blocks in Posets and Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.4.1 Open Problems Involving Cover Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6 Erdős Magic 97
Joel Spencer
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 Independent Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3 Avoiding Monochromatic Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.4 Six Suffice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5 QuasiRandomness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6.6 Graphons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Contents ix

II Graph Theory 109

7 Developments on Saturated Graphs 111
Ronald J. Gould
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7.2 Saturation Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.1 Trees and Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.2 Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.2.3 Partite Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.3 Limits On The Saturation Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.4 Hypergraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.5 Saturation Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
7.6 Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.6.1 Weak Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.6.2 Edge-Colored Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.6.3 Other Variations and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

8 Magic Labeling Basics 135

W. D. Wallis
8.1 Magic Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.1.1 Labelings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.1.2 The Classical Magic Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8.1.3 Magic Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 Edge-Magic Total Labelings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.2.1 Basic Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.2.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.2.1.2 Some Elementary Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8.2.1.3 Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.2.2 Cliques and Complete Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.2.2.1 Sidon Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.2.2.2 Complete Subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
8.2.3 Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.2.3.1 Generalizations of Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.2.4 Complete Bipartite Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
8.2.5 Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
8.3 Vertex-Magic Total Labelings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.3.1 Basic Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.3.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.3.1.2 Basic Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
8.3.2 Regular Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.3.3 Some Standard Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.3.3.1 Cycles and Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.3.3.2 Complete Graphs and Complete Bipartite
Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
8.3.3.3 Construction of VMTLs of Km,n . . . . . . . . . . 149
x Contents

8.3.3.4 Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

8.3.4 Graphs with Vertices of Degree One . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

9 Block Colorings of Graph Decompositions 155

E. B. Matson and C. A. Rodger
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.2 Graph Decompositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
9.3 Amalgamations and Recent Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
9.4 Open Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

10 Reconfiguration of Colourings and Dominating Sets in Graphs 171

C. M. Mynhardt and S. Nasserasr
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.2 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.3 Reconfiguration of Colourings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
10.3.1 The k-Colouring Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
10.3.2 Reconfiguration of Homomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
10.3.3 The k-Edge-Colouring Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
10.4 Reconfiguration of Dominating Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10.4.1 The k-Dominating Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
10.4.2 The k-Total-Dominating Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
10.4.3 Jump γ-Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
10.4.4 Slide γ-Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
10.4.5 Irredundance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

11 Edge Intersection Graphs of Paths on a Grid 193

Martin Charles Golumbic and Gila Morgenstern
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
11.2 The Bend Number of Known Classes of Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . 194
11.3 B1 -Subclass Characterizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
11.4 The Strong Helly Number of B1 -EPG
Representations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
11.5 Algorithmic Aspects of EPG Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
11.6 Boundary Generated B1 -EPG Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
11.7 Concluding Remarks and Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

III Combinatorial Matrix Theory 211

12 A Jaunt in Spectral Graph Theory 213
Steve Butler
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
12.2 A Menagerie of Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
12.2.1 The Adjacency Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
12.2.2 The Laplacian Matrix and Signless Laplacian Matrix . . . . 216
Contents xi

12.2.3 The Probability Transition Matrix and the Normalized

Laplacian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
12.2.4 The Distance Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
12.2.5 The Seidel Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
12.2.6 The Quantum Walk Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
12.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Matrices . . . . . . . . . . 223
12.3.1 Combining Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
12.3.2 Graph Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
12.3.3 A Line Graph Excursion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
12.3.4 Graphs Determined by Their Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . 227
12.3.5 Interlacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
12.3.6 Graphs that Have a Common Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . 228
12.4 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
12.4.1 Bottlenecks and Cheeger Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
12.4.2 Discrepancy and the Value of Normalizing . . . . . . . . . 231
12.4.3 Ramanujan Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
12.4.4 Quasirandom Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
12.5 Starting Your Odyssey in Spectral Graph Theory . . . . . . . . . . 234

13 The Inverse Eigenvalue Problem of a Graph 239

Leslie Hogben, Jephian C.-H. Lin, and Bryan L. Shader
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
13.2 Ancillary Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
13.2.1 Maximum Nullity and Minimum Rank . . . . . . . . . . . 243
13.2.2 Variants of Maximum Nullity and Minimum Rank . . . . . 244
13.2.3 The Minimum Number of Distinct Eigenvalues . . . . . . . 245
13.3 Strong Properties and Minor Monotonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
13.3.1 Applications of the Strong Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
13.3.2 Tangent Spaces and the Implicit Function Theorem . . . . . 250
13.4 Zero Forcing, Propagation Time, and Throttling . . . . . . . . . . . 252
13.4.1 Zero Forcing and Its Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
13.4.2 Propagation Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
13.4.3 Throttling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
13.5 Concluding Remarks and Open Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

14 Rank Functions 263

LeRoy B. Beasley
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
14.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
14.3 Matrix Ranks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
14.4 Rank Functions in Graph Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
14.4.1 Minimum Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
14.4.2 Rank Functions on Graphs Defined by Coverings . . . . . . 270
14.4.3 Rank Functions on Graphs Not Defined by Coverings . . . . 272
14.5 Equivalent Rank Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
xii Contents

15 Permutation Matrices and Beyond: An Essay 277

Richard A. Brualdi
15.1 Permutation Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
15.2 Beyond Permutation Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
15.3 Some Favorite Matrices in These Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

IV Designs, Geometry, Packing and Covering 291

16 Some New Families of 2-Resolutions 293
Michael Hurley, Oscar Lopez, and Spyros S. Magliveras
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
16.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
16.3 Incidence Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
16.4 The Half-Affine Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
16.5 A New Family of 2-Resolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
16.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

17 Graphical Designs 301

Donald L. Kreher
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
17.2 Graphical Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
17.3 Orbits of Sn Acting on E(Kn ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
17.4 Steiner Graphical Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
17.5 Steiner Bigraphical Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
17.5.1 Remarks on the 5-(16, {6, 8}, 1) Design . . . . . . . . . . . 311
17.6 Steiner Graphical Designs of Type nr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
17.7 Higher Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
17.8 Historical Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

18 There Must be Fifty Ways to Miss a Cover 319

Charles J. Colbourn and Violet R. Syrotiuk
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
18.2 Combinatorics of Interaction Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
18.2.1 Covering Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
18.2.2 Locating and Detecting Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
18.2.3 Prior Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
18.3 A Construction from One-factorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
18.4 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

19 Combinatorial Designs and Cryptography, Revisited 335

Douglas R. Stinson
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
19.2 The One-time Pad and Shannon’s Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Contents xiii

19.3 Threshold Schemes and Ramp Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

19.3.1 Ramp Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
19.4 All-or-Nothing Transforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
19.4.1 Binary AONT with t = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
19.4.2 General AONT with t = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
19.5 Algebraic Manipulation Detection Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.5.1 Weak and Strong AMD Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
19.5.2 An Application of AMD Codes to Threshold Schemes . . . 348
19.5.3 Combinatorial Analysis of AMD Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 349
19.5.4 Nonuniform AMD Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
19.6 Conclusion and Open Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

20 A Survey of Scalar Multiplication Algorithms 359

Koray Karabina
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
20.1.1 Cryptographic Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
20.1.2 Multidimensional Scalar Multiplication and
Endomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
20.1.3 Signed Digit Recodings and Differential Additions . . . . . 362
20.1.4 Side Channel Attacks and Regular Recodings . . . . . . . . 363
20.1.5 Organization of the Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
20.2 Variable Scalar and Variable Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
20.2.1 Width-w Window Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
20.2.2 Signed Digit Recoding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
20.2.3 Regular Recoding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
20.3 Variable Scalar and Fixed Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
20.3.1 Split and Comb Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
20.3.2 A Euclidean Type Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
20.3.3 Regular Recoding Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

21 Arcs, Caps, Generalisations: Results and Problems 387

Joseph A. Thas
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
21.2 k-Arcs of PG(2, q) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
21.3 Complete Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
21.4 k-Caps and Ovoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
21.5 Ovoids and Inversive Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
21.6 k-Caps and Cap-Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
21.7 k-Caps in PG(n, q), n ≥ 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
21.8 Generalised k-Arcs and Generalised k-Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
21.9 Generalised Ovals and Ovoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
21.10 Regular Pseudo-Ovals and Pseudo-Ovoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
21.11 Translation Duals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
xiv Contents

21.12 Characterisations of Pseudo-Ovals and Pseudo-Ovoids . . . . . . . 401

21.13 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
21.13.1 Problems on Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
21.13.2 Problems on Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
21.13.3 Problems on Generalised k-Arcs and Generalised
k-Caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Index 409
Preface

The Southeastern International Conference on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and

Computing (SEICCGTC) is an institution. After fifty years, researchers in the ar-
eas covered by the conference are well aware of this gathering each March at Florida
Atlantic University in Boca Raton. Participants have included researchers at colleges
and universities, in business, industry, and government, and graduate, undergraduate,
and high school students. Each year, the conference’s five days are full. There are
plenary lectures by researchers in the field at various stages of their careers, from
rising young stars to distinguished veteran contributors to the disciplines, along with
leaders in related fields with exciting results to communicate. Most years, there are
five invited plenary speakers, most of whom give two talks. In the “zero mod five”
years, we have nine or ten invited plenary speakers, most of whom give one talk each.
There are sessions of contributed papers throughout the week, including several spe-
cial sessions, highlighting selected areas of research, or organized according to some
other theme. There are evening social events, and an optional excursion on Thursday,
with problem sessions in parallel to the excursion. The intention is to disseminate and
stimulate research and foster collaboration. The conference has achieved much suc-
cess in this regard.
The current volume is a celebration of the conference through research surveys
by leading experts. We attempt to capture some of the flavor of the research that
has been presented at the SEICCGTC. We hope that readers will get an idea of the
breadth and depth of what has been done at the conference and outside it, as well as
current research, in the areas of combinatorics, graph theory, and related computer
science. There is no effort to cover the full range of the research presented at the
conference, which would be impossible in one volume. Many chapters are research
surveys intended to stimulate further research, with many pointers to the literature
for those readers who wish to venture farther into a subject. Each chapter has its own
bibliography, and most are extensive.
The first chapter of our volume, by Brooks Reid, presents some of his personal
reflections on the conference. He briefly traces the background of the field, listing
some names from before the twentieth century, and then citing a longer list of leading
researchers from the seventy years of the twentieth century before the conference
began. It is interesting to note that one third of those researchers were later plenary
speakers at the conference, and a few more attended one or more. He traces his own
background in the field, as he traces the field and its literature and conferences. He
describes the history of the conference, and the main personalities involved in making
it happen. Reid then presents a collection of conference facts, including a discussion
of the role of the great Paul Erdős, who attended, and contributed importantly, to

xv
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