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Loanwords in the
World’s Languages
A Comparative Handbook

Edited by
Martin Haspelmath
Uri Tadmor

De Gruyter Mouton
De Gruyter Mouton (formerly Mouton, The Hague)
is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

앪
앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines
of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Loanwords in the world’s languages : a comparative handbook / edited

by Martin Haspelmath, Uri Tadmor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Language and languages ⫺ Foreign words and phrases. I. Haspel-
math, Martin, 1963⫺ II. Tadmor, Uri, 1960⫺
P324.L63 2009
412⫺dc22
2009045067

ISBN 978-3-11-021843-5

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.

” Copyright 2009 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin, Germany.
All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writ-
ing from the publisher.
Cover design: Martin Zech, Bremen.
Printed in Germany.
Table of contents

Notational conventions............................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... x
List of authors ......................................................................................................... xi

GENERAL CHAPTERS
I. The Loanword Typology project and the World Loanword Database
Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor ............................................................... 1

II. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues

Martin Haspelmath........................................................................................ 35

III. Loanwords in the world’s languages: Findings and results

Uri Tadmor .................................................................................................. 55

THE LANGUAGES
1. Loanwords in Swahili
Thilo C. Schadeberg ....................................................................................... 76

2. Loanwords in Iraqw, a Cushitic language of Tanzania

Maarten Mous and Martha Qorro ............................................................... 103

3. Loanwords in Gawwada, a Cushitic language of Ethiopia

Mauro Tosco ............................................................................................... 124

4. Loanwords in Hausa, a Chadic language in West Africa

Ari Awagana and H. Ekkehard Wolff, with Doris Löhr................................... 142

5. Loanwords in Kanuri, a Saharan language

Doris Löhr and H. Ekkehard Wolff, with Ari Awagana................................... 166
vi Table of contents

6. Loanwords in Tarifiyt, a Berber language of Morocco

Maarten Kossmann ...................................................................................... 191

7. Loanwords in Seychelles Creole

Susanne Michaelis with Marcel Rosalie .......................................................... 215

8. Loanwords in Romanian
Kim Schulte ................................................................................................. 230

9. Loanwords in Selice Romani, an Indo-Aryan language of Slovakia

Viktor El!ík.................................................................................................. 260

10. Loanwords in Lower Sorbian, a Slavic language of Germany

Hauke Bartels .............................................................................................. 304

11. Loanwords in Old High German

Roland Schuhmann ...................................................................................... 330

12. Loanwords in Dutch

Nicoline van der Sijs ..................................................................................... 338

13. Loanwords in British English

Anthony Grant............................................................................................. 360

14. Loanwords in Kildin Saami, a Uralic language of northern Europe

Michael Rießler............................................................................................ 384

15. Loanwords in Bezhta, a Nakh-Daghestanian of the North Caucasus

Bernard Comrie and Madzhid Khalilov ........................................................ 414

16. Loanwords in Archi, a Nakh-Daghestanian of the North Caucasus

Marina Chumakina..................................................................................... 430

17. Loanwords in Manange, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal

Kristine A. Hildebrandt................................................................................. 447
 Table of contents vii

18. Loanwords in Ket, a Yeniseian language of Siberia

Edward Vajda.............................................................................................. 471

19. Loanwords in Sakha (Yakut), a Turkic language of Siberia

Brigitte Pakendorf and Innokentij N. Novgorodov .......................................... 496

20. Loanwords in Oroqen, a Tungusic language of China

Fengxiang Li and Lindsay J. Whaley ............................................................ 525

21. Loanwords in Japanese

Christopher K. Schmidt................................................................................. 545

22. Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese

Thekla Wiebusch and Uri Tadmor ............................................................... 575

23. Loanwords in Thai

Titima Suthiwan and Uri Tadmor............................................................... 599

24. Loanwords in Vietnamese

Mark J. Alves ............................................................................................... 617

25. Loanwords in White Hmong

Martha Ratliff ............................................................................................. 638

26. Loanwords in Ceq Wong, an Austroasiatic language of Peninsular Malaysia

Nicole Kruspe ............................................................................................... 659

27. Loanwords in Indonesian

Uri Tadmor ................................................................................................ 686

28. Loanwords in Malagasy

Alexander Adelaar ........................................................................................ 717

29. Loanwords in Takia, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea

Malcolm Ross............................................................................................... 747
viii Table of contents

30. Loanwords in Hawaiian

‘"iwi Parker Jones........................................................................................ 771

31. Loanwords in Gurindji, a Pama-Nyungan language of Australia

Patrick McConvell ....................................................................................... 790

32. Loanwords in Yaqui, a Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico

Zarina Estrada Fernández............................................................................ 823

33. Loanwords in Zinacantán Tzotzil, a Mayan language of Mexico

Cecil H. Brown ............................................................................................ 848

34. Loanwords in Q’eqchi’, a Mayan language of Guatemala

Søren Wichmann and Kerry Hull.................................................................. 873

35. Loanwords in Otomi, an Otomanguean language of Mexico

Ewald Hekking and Dik Bakker.................................................................... 897

36. Loanwords in Saramaccan, an English-based creole of Suriname

Jeff Good...................................................................................................... 918

37. Loanwords in Imbabura Quechua

Jorge Gómez Rendón and Willem Adelaar ..................................................... 944

38. Loanwords in Kali’na, a Cariban language of French Guiana

Odile Renault-Lescure .................................................................................. 968

39. Loanwords in Hup, a Nadahup language of Amazonia

Patience Epps ............................................................................................... 992

40. Loanwords in Wichí, a Mataco-Mataguayan language of Argentina

Alejandra Vidal and Verónica Nercesian....................................................... 1015

41. Loanwords in Mapudungun, a language of Chile and Argentina

Lucía A. Golluscio ...................................................................................... 1035

Index of Languages ............................................................................................. 1072

Notational conventions

List of abbreviations
1 first person FREQ frequentative
2 second person FUT future
3 third person GEN genitive
A agent-like argument of canonical HON honorific
transitive verb IMP imperative
ABL ablative INCL inclusive
ABS absolutive IND indicative
ACC accusative INDF indefinite
ACT active INF infinitive
ADJ adjective INS instrumental
ADV adverb(ial) INTR intransitive
AGR agreement IPFV imperfective
AGT agent, agentive IRR irrealis
ALL allative LOC locative
ANTIP antipassive M masculine
APPL applicative MASC masculine
ART article MID middle
AUX auxiliary N- non- (e.g. NSG nonsingular,
BEN benefactive NPST nonpast)
CAUS causative NEG negation, negative
CIRC circumfix NMLZ nominalizer/nominalization
CLF classifier NOM nominative
COLL collective OBJ object
COM comitative OBL oblique
COMP complementizer P patient-like argument of
COMPL completive canonical transitive verb
COND conditional PASS passive
COP copula PFV perfective
CVB converb PL plural
DAT dative POSS possessive
DECL declarative PRED predicative
DEF definite PRF perfect
DEM demonstrative PRS present
DENOM denominal PROG progressive
DET determiner PROH prohibitive
DIMIN diminutive PROX proximal/proximate
DIST distal PST past
DISTR distributive PTCP participle
DU dual PURP purposive
DUR durative Q question particle/marker
ERG ergative QUOT quotative
EXCL exclusive RECP reciprocal
F feminine REFL reflexive
FEM feminine REL relative
FOC focus RES resultative
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x Notational conventions & Acknowledgments

S single argument of canonical STAT stative

intransitive verb TOP topic
SBJ subject TR transitive
SBJV subjunctive VN verbal noun
SEM semelfactive VOC vocative
SG singular

Notational conventions for the maps

Language Yoruba
Main language Hausa
Country NIGERIA
City ! Katsina
Province etc. Borno
Geographical regions

Acknowledgments
The Loanword Typology project, whose results are reported in this book, was
made possible by generous funding from the Department of Linguistics of the Max
Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig (Bernard Comrie, direc-
tor). Most of the authors were able to attend one or more of the ten meetings
between 2003 and 2007, organized competently by Max Planck staff members; we
thank in particular Julia Cissewski, Claudia Büchel, Peter Fröhlich and Claudia
Schmidt. We also had great help from a number of highly motivated and reliable
student assistants, not only in checking and correcting the databases, but also in
editing and even typesetting this volume. Thanks are due especially to Yan Luo,
Eva-Maria Schmortte, Birgit Jänen, Luise Dorenbusch, Jenny Seeg, Alex Jahraus,
and Tyko Dirksmeyer. For the maps, we had invaluable help from Sandra Michaelis
from Max Planck!s multimedia department. But the most important person over
the years has been our indefatigable database manager, Bradley Taylor, without
whom this project would have had to remain much more modest in its goals and
achievements. For the creation of the online version of the World Loanword Data-
base, we are grateful to the Max Planck Digital Library, especially Robert Forkel.

Leipzig/Jakarta, 16 September 2009 Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor

List of authors

Alexander Adelaar
Asia Institute
The University of Melbourne
Victoria 3010
Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.asiainstitute.unimelb.edu.au/people/staff/adelaar.html

Willem Adelaar
Leiden University Centre for Linguistics
P.O. Box 9515
2300 RA Leiden
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.hum.leiden.edu/lucl/organisation/members/adelaarwa.html

Mark J. Alves
Department of Reading, ESL, World Languages and Philosophy
Montgomery College
51 Mannakee St.
Rockville, MD 20850
U.S.A.
E-mail: [email protected]

Ari Awagana
Institut für Afrikanistik
Universität Leipzig
Postfach 100920
04009 Leipzig
Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~afrika
xii List of authors

Dik Bakker
Department of Linguistics and English Language
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YT
United Kingdom
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/d.bakker/

Hauke Bartels
Sorbisches Institut
Abteilung für niedersorbische Forschungen
August-Bebel-Straße 82
03046 Cottbus
Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.serbski-institut.de/cms/de/116

Cecil H. Brown
Department of Anthropology
Northern Illinois University
Stevens Building 102
DeKalb, IL 60115
U.S.A.
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www3.niu.edu/anthro/people/faculty/brown.htm

Marina Chumakina
Surrey Morphology Group
University of Surrey
Guildford, GU2 7XH
United Kingdom
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.surrey.ac.uk/cmc/staff-profiles/marina-chumakina.htm

Bernard Comrie
University of California Santa Barbara &
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
04103 Leipzig
Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://email.eva.mpg.de/~comrie/
 List of authors xiii

Viktor El!ík
Ústav lingvistiky a ugrofinistiky (Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies)
Univerzita Karlova (Charles University)
Nám. J. Palacha 2
Praha 1, 110 00
Czech Republic
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://ulug.ff.cuni.cz/osobni/elsik/index.php

Patience Epps
Department of Linguistics
University of Texas at Austin
1 University Station B5100
Austin, TX 78712–0198
U.S.A.
E-mail: [email protected]

Zarina Estrada Fernández

Departamento de Letras y Lingüística
División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes
Universidad de Sonora
Edificio 3-A
Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n
Col. Centro
83000 Hermosillo, Sonora
Mexico
E-mail: [email protected]

Lucía A. Golluscio
Instituto de Lingüística
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
Universidad de Buenos Aires
er
25 de mayo 217 – 1 piso
1002 Buenos Aires
Argentina
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
xiv List of authors

Jorge A. Gómez Rendón

Department Theoretical Linguistics
Faculty of Humanities
University of Amsterdam
Spuistraat 210
1012 VT Amsterdam
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Homepage: http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/j.a.gomezrendon/

Jeff Good
Department of Linguistics
University at Buffalo
609 Baldy Hall
Buffalo, NY 14260
U.S.A.
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://buffalo.edu/˜jcgood

Anthony Grant
Department of English and History
Edge Hill University
St Helens Road
Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP
United Kingdom
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.edgehill.ac.uk/english/EnglishLanguage/Staff/AnthonyGrant.htm

Martin Haspelmath
Max-Planck-Institut für evolutionäre Anthropologie
Deutscher Platz 6
04103 Leipzig
Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/staff/haspelmath.php
 List of authors xv

Ewald Hekking
Departamento de Investigaciones Antropológicas
Facultad de Filosofía
Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
Querétaro
Mexico
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Kristine A. Hildebrandt
Department of English
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Edwardsville IL 62026
U.S.A.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Homepage: http://www.siue.edu/~khildeb

Kerry Hull
College of Foreign Studies
Reitaku University
2–1–1 Hikarigaoka
Tobu Jutaku 44
Kashiwa, Chiba 277–0065
Japan
E-mail: [email protected]

Madzhid Khalilov
G. Tsadasa Institute for Language, Literature, and Art of the Daghestan Scientific
Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences &
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
04103 Leipzig
Germany
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Maarten Kossmann
Department of African Languages and Cultures
Leiden University
P.O. Box 9515
2300 RA Leiden
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
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