(a) Bore : The internal diameter of cylinder of the engine is (b) Dead Centres : In I.C. engines, the piston moves inside motion. The extreme positions of the piston inside the cylinder dead centre positions. There are two dead centre positions.Eagle's Electrical and Mechanical In vertical 1.C. engines, these i dead = treme positions are Known 88 10P fc (T.D.C.) and bottom dead centre position (B D.C.), In the horizontal 1,C. engines, BPR Tasks at opurre position (1.D.C.) and. outer eed centre position (O:D: dead centre to the (c) Stroke + The distance travelled by the piston from one centre is called stroke. The stroke is equal to two times the crank radius. 5 of the crank shaft and (d) Crank Throw : The distance between the centre: known as crank throw. It is also called erank radius, (e) Clearance Volume : The volume of space included between the cylinder piston, when the piston is at I.D.C. position oF D.C. position, is called clearance vo 2.2 shows the clearance between the cylinder head ‘and piston top at LD.C. (for Jearance volume- engine) position. The yolume of this clearance space !S known as ¢! Clearance volume, Vc = E@xs ume is expressed in terms of the percentaée of the swept volume. ‘The clearance vol o Fig. 2.2. Basic terms of LC. Engine. yy be defined as the volume swept by pisto the other. It is represented by Vs- ¢ : The swept volume ma (A Swept Volum‘ sition to it moves from one of its dead centre po Vs. = 44? x Length of stroke Vs = GO xb ta Cylinder Volume : The sum of clearance volume and the swept volume fer volume. It is represented by Vr- T Vr =Vs+ Ve n Ratio : It is the ratio of total cylinder volume to the clearanceinternal Combustion Engines [mest 1 2.4. TYPES OF ENGINES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS a7 (a) Two Stroke Engines : - ; mapa pepheritae gen ti two stroke engines are those engines in which suction. sh levoSGcoseaion eae a tee cee oe eT two stroke engine has inlet eta is completed per revolution of the crankshaft. The first two stroke diesel engine was produced by Sulzer in the year 1907. The two stroke petrol engines are used in mopeds, lawn movers, scooters and motor cycles, small electric generating sets and pumping sets, The two: stroke, very high power diesel engines are used for ship propulsion, : (b) Four Stroke Engines : The four stroke engines are those engines in which suctio®. compression, expansion and exhaust are completed during two complete revolutions of the craNe= shafi, In other words, one working stroke is completed during two revolutions of the crankshaft The four stroke engines have two mechanically operated valves known as inlet outlet valves ‘The opening and closing of these valves are controlled by means of cams mounted on the camshaft. The four stroke petrol engines are very commonly used in automobiles such as cars. small pumping sets and mobile electric generating sets. The four stroke diesel engines are used in jeeps, buses, trucks, electric generating plants, tractors, pumping, construction machinery. aif compressors and many miscellaneous applications. (©) Spark Ignition Engines (Petrol Engines) : In these engines, petrol and air is admitted into cylinder during the suction stroke and this mixture is compressed during the compression stroke. The compressed charge is ignited by means of spark plug that is why petrol engine is also known as spark ignition (S.1,) engines. Carburetor is used to mix air and petrol in the required proportion. The petrol engine works on otto cycle or constant volume cycle, (@ Compression Ignition Engines (Diesel Engines) : In these engines, diesel is used as a fuel. Only air is admitted during the suction stroke and compressed during compression stroke. The injected fuel is ignited by the heat of compression that is why it is also known as compression ignition (C.L.) engine. Injector or automiser is used to inject the fuel at the place of carburetor. These engines work on diesel cycle or constant pressure cycle introduced by Dr. Rudolph Diesel in the year 1897. WH, 2.5. WORKING PRINCIPLES OF TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES In an internal combustion engines, following operations have to be performed. ei (i) Air (in case of diesel engine) or mixture of air and fuel (in case of petrol engi must be supplied to the engine. [Suction] aah onal (ii) The charge i.e., air (in case of diesel engine) or mixture of air and case, of petrol engine) must be compressed, [Compression] foot iKagle’s Electrical and Ui) The compressed mixture must be ignited and work produced by be used to drive the engine mechanism, [expansion] (iv) The charge must be exhausted in order to make space for fresh All these operations may be completed either during four stroke or during piston. The engine which requires four strokes of piston or (WO revolutions of ‘complete the eycle ix called four stroke engine. ‘The engine which requires two or one revolution of crankshaft, to complete the cycle in known as 0wo: stroke mM, 2.6, FOUR STROKE ENGINES (WORKING PRINCIPLES) 2.6.1. Four Stroke Petrol Engine In four stroke spark ignition (petrol engine) five events (i.¢., suction, bustion, expansion and exhaust) are completed in four strokes of piston oF two crankshaft, Each stroke consists of 180° of crankshaft rotation and thus the cy through 720° of crank rotation, The engine consists of following four strokes. (i). Suction or intake stoke. (ii) Compression stoke. (iii) Expansion stoke. (iv) Exhaust stoke. The processes are shown in fig. 2.3.(iti) Power Stroke : Due 1o explosion of the charge. rapid 18 lt takes place. During this stroke. Me iskk. an Sian valves remain closed. The ‘gases due to heat of combustion exerts pressure on the piston due to which * downward. This operation is shown by 3-4 in fig. 2.4 (év) Exhaust Stroke : During this stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the closed. Due to energy stored in fly wheel during the ‘working stroke, (he piston bottom dead centre to top dead centre, Due 10 upward movement of piston, the discharged through the exhaust value. This process is represented by ‘At the end of exhaust stroke, piston reaches at the top dead centre piston and the 2.6.2. Four Stroke Diesel Engine . Ta the Tour siroke diesel engine, the fuel (diesel) is sprayed into the cylinder ‘ected in the cylinder is compression stroke is about to complete. The fuel which is inj e to heat of compression. Working of four stroke diesel engine is as shown in fig. 2-5. Foo! ‘Exhaust inne vaie ba meee ry Cytinder: Piston Rings Piston Fig. 2.8. Working of a Four Stroke Diesel Engine. 1. Suction Stroke : During this stroke, iston moyes downward is +, the piste from position t bottom dead centre, The inlet valve i cml ae xhaust sucked into the cylinder. This process is shown’ in indicator diagram in fig ae - 2.6 bysa Pweg So Anemone, SSS ty Freee aes v—— —Vv— (a) Theoretical (b) Actual Fig. 2.6. Indicator Diagram of a Four Stroke Diese! (Ci) Engine. ome 2, Compression Stroke : During this stroke, piston moves upward Ir botnet Aaa Position to top dead centre position. The inlet and outlet valve remain closed. The of compressed during this stroke. The rise in temperature and pressure of We 27 atthe en of Compression depends on the compression ratio. The compression ratio 18 diesel engines is hig) than that of petrol engines. ted i jesel is injected into It is shown by line iston is at top dead 3. Power Stroke : At the end of compression stroke, a fine spray of dit the compressed air. The fuel ignites. The combustion is at constant pressure. 3-4 on indicator diagram in fig. 2.6. At the end of compression stroke, the pi centre position. on. The high pressure drives the piston The power stroke starts with the piston at top dead postti piston reaches its bottom dead centre in the downward direction. This stroke is completed as the position, During this stroke, power is generated by engine. This process is shown by 4-5 in fig. 2.6. do Ethmust Stroke ; During this stroke, piston moves upward from bottom dead <| (b) @) Fig. 2.8, p-V diagram of Two-stroke Petrol Engine Just before completion of the compression stroke, the spark is created by s combustion of fuel takes place and pressure is exerted on the piston due to con fuel mixture. The piston is pushed in downward direction and power is pr downward movement of piston, first inlet port is closed. The charge already si cece is compressed just at the end of power stroke, The piston unco transfer port simultaneously. The expanded gases escapes through exha time, fresh charge (already compressed in crankcase) rushes into the cy! port. The cycle is repeated again. 272 Tw Soe Diese Engine In two stroke diesel engine, the is completed in om pe ct i a re aces SrcSor ini rushes toward ; ped gh per eth through transfer port, The expended charke present in cylinder laust port (Fig. 2.9 The piston iB. 2.9 (a)] t te wart Serer Toe beiom deal eemre twp dent centre the transfer port) Tn nit closes exhaust port (the fevel of extaust por |. During this stroke, the piston compresses the air #0 1 covers # piston body um es re Just before Fe piss of sampressin rote the pa inte the craminse, When the piston reaches op OH oy 7.9) (ci. The ree ares Tie inkestor ignites cue 10 highly compressed ait rat, ube gases Wt = ae ‘completed st constant presmure and heat (s liberated. DU® & ti wenward and nus y! expands. The high pressure thus produced, pushes the piston 6% Power stroke takes place. Crank Closed Crank Case @ @ © @ Fig. 2.9. Working of two-stroke Toa before end of downward stroke, the piston uncovers the exhant port and thus used charge is exhausted [Fig. 2.6(c)]. When the piston actually reaches bottom dead of centre position. both P| Fuel Injection Bering Point of Cut Of Expansion 5 Compression in A & Exhaust Ports Open ‘Transter Port Open ‘Transfer Port Closes Volume —+—>! a Z Exhaust Port aa - — Fig. 2.10. Actual Indicator diagram of two stroke diesel engine.[{=__ ~~ ts Eagle's Electrical an 13.29, PRINCIPLE OF GAS TURBINES cose von Principle of a gas turbine is very clo 2 ‘ient_ in i pas ng. ai operation than a wind mill, the moving weit ni Dlades/of ibe turbine whee! either radially or axially. Actually. 24° is made to flow over the rings of the are blades mounted on the shaft and in doing velocity of the jet decreases and kinetic energy’ increases. This increased kinetic energy is ab by the rings of the blades imparting rotary motion 10 the shaft. Also, the basic principle of a gas turbine is very much closer (0 Teciprocating engine, As in both the cases, the air enters the prime mover, gets COMP! heated by the combustion process. The heated produ e still further, and finally the expanded products are rejected through internal reciprocating engine, the charge is admitted into the engine ¢ turbine, the flow of working fluid is continuous Classification of gas turbines : The gas turbines are © (a) Constant pressure combustion gas turbine cle gas turbine. se 10 a wind mill, To make the gas it or gas is controlled t0 d ed into the following two main Jassifi (@ Constant pressure open cy’ (ii) Constant pressure closed cycle gas turbine. (b) Constant volume combustion gas turbine. 2.9.1, Constant Pressure Open Cycle Gas Turbine ‘stion chamber at constant pressure with the | Principle : Here the fuel is burnt in a combu: high pressure air. The products of ‘combustion at high pressure and high temperature are md flow through the turbine to get the workdone. Later they ‘will exhaust to the atmosphere. king : Here a combustion chamber is connected between a col ipressor, turbine and generator are coupled ca Construction and wo the turbine as shown in the Fig, 2.11 The com Fuel —=| pa S Cc. ifn chamber cc. = Compressor ‘S = Shafi(s) T= Turbine G = Generator. Fig. 2.11. Constant pressure open cycle gas turbine. pie dimoeaiere sis is drawn into the compressor. The compressed air is d r cos " ee aoe the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber at bes urning the fuel at constant pressure. The products of temperature ate then made to flow into the turbine. There it expands ;male's cycle . essor and {to the compressor original ae the heat exchanger and a cooler. H * The cycle repeats thereafter. It works on J patna —— and Working : Here a heater is connected between © compress ona as shown in the Fig. 2.12. One end of the het! exchanget © turbine. Other end is connected to the compressor throusl ® aoe turbine and generator are coupled co-axially et lg [Fee out 3 | Mey ie i Coupler Fig. 2.12. Constant pressure closed cycle ga8 turbine. the combustion of fuel takes 2.9.3. Constant Volume Combustion gas turbine shown in Fig. 2.13. In this case. atmosphere is compressed to ‘The constant volume gas turbine is ssor from the place at constant volume. ‘The air drawn into the compre: Air 4 Compressed i [eH] arriniet valve Outlet valve for gases. Fig. 2.13, Constant volume gas turbine