MEASUREMENTS – AREA AND PERIMETER OF

PLANE FIGURES.
A Plane is a flat surface with no thickness. It extends forever. We often draw a plane with edges, but it
really has no edges.

A Polygon is a plane shape (two-dimensional) with straight sides.

Examples: triangles, rectangles and pentagons. (Note: a circle is not a polygon because it has a curved
side)

Line Segment is part of a line that connects two points. It is the shortest distance between the two points.
It has a length.

A Point is an exact location. It has no size, only position. Drag the points below (they are shown as dots
so you can see them, but a point really has no size at all!). Points usually have a name, often a letter like
"A" or "B" etc.

A Vertex - A point where two or more line segments meet. A corner. (The plural of vertex is "vertices".)
Examples: • any corner of a pentagon (a plane shape)
• any corner of a tetrahedron (a solid)

What is the AREA of a Plane Figure?

Area means how much space a flat shape takes up.
Area is measured in square units:
 Square centimetres (cm²) are good for measuring a small area - like the picture or a model.
 Square metres (m²) are good for measuring bigger areas - like a wall or a playground.

What is the PERIMETER of a PLANE Figure?

The perimeter is the distance all the way around the outside of a 2D shape.
To work out the perimeter, add up the lengths of all the sides.
Perimeter is measured in centimetres (cm) or in metres (m), as it is a measure of distance.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AREA VS PERIMETER

Area and perimeter are two vital fundamental concepts of mathematics, which are often understood
together. These two concepts are used to measure the physical space of an object and forms a foundation
for advanced mathematics.

The perimeter is often understood as the length of the path that covers a closed figure while the area refers
to the space covered by the closed figure.

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Illustration/ Example

Name/Figure Name/Figure
No.
Sum of interior angles No. of Sum of interior angles
of
= (2n - 4) × 90° Sides = (2n - 4) × 90°
Sides

Triangle 3 (2n - 4) right angles 6 (2n - 4) right angles

= (2 × 3 - 4) × 90° = (2 × 6 - 4) × 90°
= (6 - 4) × 90° = (12 - 4) × 90°
= 2 × 90° = 8 × 90°
Hexagon
= 180° = 720°

7 (2n - 4) right angles

4 (2n - 4) right angles = (2 × 7 - 4) × 90°
= (2 × 4 - 4) × 90° = (14 - 4) × 90°
= (8 - 4) × 90° = 10 × 90°
= 4 × 90° = 900°
Quadrilateral = 360° Heptagon

8 (2n - 4) right angles

= (2 × 8 - 4) × 90°
5 (2n - 4) right angles = (16 - 4) × 90°
= (2 × 5 - 4) × 90°
= 12 × 90°
= (10 - 4) × 90° Octagon
= 6 × 90° = 1080°
Pentagon = 540°

Sum of all interior angles of a regular polygon

The sum of interior angles of a polygon having n sides is =

(2n − 4) × 90° OR (𝑛 − 2) × 180°

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EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A POLYGON:

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Areas & Perimeters
Points to Remember FORMULAS
 SQUARE:
Area of Square = s2
The area of a shape is the total number of square units that Unit is 𝑐𝑚2.
fill the shape.
Perimeter of Square = add up all the sides.
Unit is cm

RULES:
1. AREA of a SQUARE, 𝐴 = 𝑠 2
2. PERIMETER of a SQUARE = 4𝑠

 RECTANGLE: Area of Rectangle = 𝑙 × 𝑤

= a × b 𝑐𝑚2

Perimeter of Rectangle = 𝑙 + 𝑙 + 𝑤 + 𝑤
= a+ a + b + b
a represents the length; b represents the width = 2 (a + b) cm

RULES:
1. AREA of a RECTANGLE, 𝑨 = 𝒍 × 𝒃
2. PERIMETER of a RECTANGLE = 𝟐𝒍 + 𝟐𝒃

 TRIANGLE:

1. RIGHT – ANGLED TRIANGLE

The area of a triangle is:

𝒃×𝒉
A= 𝟐

PERIMETER = ADD UP 3 SIDES.

Where, b is the base h is the height.

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Areas & Perimeters
Points to Remember FORMULAS

2. Area of triangle using "Heron's Formula"- given all Example: What is the area and perimeter of a
three sides: triangle with sides 3cm, 4cm and 5cm
respectively?

Step 1: s =

Step 2 : Area of
triangle
Step 1: Calculate "s" (half of the triangle’s perimeter):
Perimeter of triangle = a + b + c
=3+4+5
= 12cm

Step 2: Then calculate the Area.

3. Area of triangle, given two sides and the angle between

them

First of all we must decide what we know. We

Either Area = ½ ab sin C or know angle C = 25º, and sides a = 7 and b = 10.
Area = ½ bc sin A or
Area = ½ ac sin B Start with:
Area= (½)ab sin C

Or in general, Put in the values we know: Area=½ × 7 × 10 ×

sin(25º)
Area = ½ × side 1 × side 2 × sine of the included angle.
Do some calculator work:
Area = 35 × 0.4226 = 14.8 units2 (1dp)

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Areas & Perimeters
Points to Remember FORMULAS
Area of Trapezium
 TRAPEZIUM: = ½(sum of parallel sides) × h

A = ½(a + b) × h

Where, h = vertical height

Perimeter = ADD UP ALL 4 SIDES.

 PARALLELOGRAM:
(a slanted Rectangle)

Area of Parallelogram, A = base × height

A=b×h
b = base
(a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
h = vertical
(b) Opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and height
angles "b" are the same).
(d) Angles "a" and "b" add up to 180°, so they are
supplementary angles. Perimeter = ADD UP ALL 4 SIDES.

 RHOMBUS – slanted square

AREA of a RHOMBUS = b × h
𝟏
AREA of a RHOMBUS = 𝒂𝒃
𝟐

PERIMETER = 4 × s
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Areas & Perimeters
Points to Remember FORMULAS

 KITE: AREA of a KITE = 𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐

𝟏
𝟐

PERIMETER = ADD all 4 sides.

Circle – Parts of a Circle

• Arc — a portion of the circumference of a circle.

• Chord — a straight line joining the ends of an arc.
• Circumference — the perimeter or boundary line of a circle.
• Radius ( ) — any straight line from the centre of the circle to a point on the circumference.
• Diameter — a special chord that passes through the centre of the circle, it is a straight-line segment
from one point on the circumference to another point on the circumference that passes
through
the centre of the circle.
• Segment — part of the circle that is cut off by a chord. A chord divides a circle into two segments.
• Tangent — a straight line that makes contact with a circle at only one point on the circumference.

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Circle Geometry
Points to Remember FORMULAS
Area = π ×r × r
A = 𝝅𝒓𝟐

Circumference = 2 × π × r
C = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 Or C =D×
2r = D π

SECTOR OF A CIRCLE Area of Sector AOB = π r2 ×

𝜃
360

𝜃
Length of Arc AB = 2π r ×
360

Perimeter = r + r + arc AB

HOW TO FIND THE AREA OF A COMPOUND SHAPE:

In order to find the area of a compound shape we use the following steps:
1. Divide the compound shape into basic shapes.
2. Label each of the basic shapes, using letters like A, B, C, etc.
3. Find the lengths of any missing sides from the compound shape.
4. Find the area of the basic shapes.
5. ADD the areas of the basic shapes together for the area of the Compound Shape.

HOW TO FIND THE AREA OF SHADED REGIONS

Step 1: Find area of OUTER shape.

Step 2: Find area of INNER shape.
Step 3: Area of shaded region = area of outer shape – area of inner shape.

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MEASUREMENTS –
VOLUME and SURFACE AREA OF SOLIDS
 A solid is a 3-dimensional object that has faces, edges and vertices.
 Volume is the space contained within a 3D solid.
 Surface area is the sum of the area of each face.
 A 3D solid can be viewed from different points.
3-dimensional solids
Some 3D solids have faces, edges and vertices.

 A face is a flat surface.

 An edge is where two faces meet.
 A vertex is a corner where edges meet. The plural is vertices.

A prism is a 3D solid with a uniform cross-section. The two end faces of a prism are identical in shape
and size. If you make a cut parallel to the ends, the cross-section exposed will be the same shape and size
as the ends.

PLEASE NOTE: VOLUME OF ANY SOLID IS FOUND BY MULTIPLYING THE

AREA OF THE CROSS SECTION BY THE HEIGHT OR LENGTH
OF THE SOLID.

V = AREA of CROSS-SECTION × h V = A × h OR V=A×l

CAPACITY:
The capacity of any container is the volume of liquid that will be held in that space.
Volume is measured in 𝑐𝑚3 𝑜𝑟 𝑚3 , Capacity is also measured in 𝒄𝒎𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝟑 BUT its unit that is most
commonly used is LITRES (𝒍).
IMPORTANT RULE: 𝟏𝒍 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟑
𝟏 𝒎𝒍 = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟑

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Surface Area and Volumes
Points to Remember FORMULAS
1. CUBE
Volume of cube = 𝑠 × 𝑠 × 𝑠
𝑉 = s3

Surface Area of cube = s2 + s2 + s2 + s2 + s2 + s2

S.A. = 6 s2

NET OF A CUBE:

2. CUBOID
Volume of cuboid = length × breadth × height

𝑉 = 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ

Surface area = 2(𝑙 × 𝑏) + 2(𝑙 × ℎ) + 2(𝑏 × ℎ)

NET OF A CUBOID:

3. CYLINDER

Volume of Cylinder: V = Area of Cross Section × Height

Or V = 𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐡

NB:
Cross section of a Cylinder is a CIRCLE (A = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 )

Surface Area of Cylinder

S. A. = Area of 2 circles + Area of rectangle

OR S.A. = 2πr (r + h)

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Surface Area and Volumes
Points to Remember FORMULAS
4. CONE
1
Volume of cone = 3 π r2h

5. SPHERE
4
Volume of Sphere: V = 3 πr3

Surface area of a sphere: A = 4πr2

6. PYRAMID
The Volume of a Pyramid
V= × [Base Area] × Height

7. PRISM Example: What is the volume of a prism whose

ends have an area of 25 m2 and which is 12 m
A prism is a three-dimensional shape which has the same long
shape and size of cross-section along the entire length i.e. a
uniform cross-section

Prism- Since a cylinder is closely related to a prism, the

formulas for their surface areas are related

Volume of Prism = area of cross section × length

Answer:
V =Al
Volume = A × l
= 25 m2 × 12 m
= 300 m3

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AREA of IRREGULARLY SHAPED PLANE FIGURES:
When a plane figure has an irregular shape we can use a square grid on a flat surface and count the
squares that the shape covers, then use that to find the estimate area.

Please note, Counting of the squares is done using the following rules:
1. Count all the whole squares covered firstly.
2. Then count the EXACTLY HALF covered ones, then divide by 2 to get how many halves are covered.
3. Then count the squares covered MORE THAN HALF as 1 each.
Then add these three values together and multiply by the area of 1 square to find the estimated area of
the irregularly shaped object.

NB – squares covered in LESS than HALF are EXCLUDED.

STEPS TO CALCULATE THE AREA:

1. Calculate the area of 1 square: A = 𝑠 2 .

2. COUNT SQUARES: (i) WHOLE squares

(ii) EXACTLY HALF (divide by 2 for total)
(iii) MORE THAN HALF
(iv) TOTAL = (i) + (ii) + (iii)

3. MULTIPLY the area of 1 square by the total number of squares = AREA of shape.

MEASUREMENT ON MAPS AND SCALE DRAWINGS

It is impossible to draw the ACTUAL (full size) map of a country or the exact drawing of
a house or car on a sheet of paper.
In order to draw these shapes on paper, we have to use a SCALE to draw on a sheet of
paper so as to keep the drawing “SIMILAR TO” or “RESEMBLE” the actual shape.

EXAMPLE of a scale: 1: 100,000

SCALE DRAWING – MAP ACTUAL DISTANCE on the

GROUND
So; 1 cm = 100,000 cm

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MEASUREMENTS CSEC QUESTIONS
1. JAN 2024

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1. cont.

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2. JUNE 2024

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2. cont.

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3. JAN 2023

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3. cont.

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4. JUNE 2023

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4. cont.

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5. JAN 2022

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5. CONT.

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6. JUNE 2022

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6. CONT.

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7. JAN 2021

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7. CONT.

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7. CONT.

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8. JAN 2020

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8. CONT.

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9. JUNE 2019

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9. CONT.

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9. CONT.

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10.

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12. A piece of wire is bent in the form of a circle and it encloses an area of 154 𝑐𝑚2 .
(i) Calculate:
(a) the radius of the circle
(b) the circumference of the circle.
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(Use 𝜋 = )
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The same piece of wire is then bent in the form of a square.

(ii) Calculate the area enclosed by the square. [6]

13.

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14. cont.

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