The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Third Edition

(Princeton Field Guides, 69) Paul get pdf

Featured on ebookmeta.com
https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-princeton-field-guide-to-
dinosaurs-third-edition-princeton-field-guides-69-paul/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (57 reviews )

Get Your PDF Now

 The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Third Edition
(Princeton Field Guides, 69) Paul

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookmeta.com
to discover even more!

The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Second Edition

Gregory S. Paul

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-princeton-field-guide-to-
dinosaurs-second-edition-gregory-s-paul/

The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs 2nd Edition

Gregory S. Paul

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-princeton-field-guide-to-
dinosaurs-2nd-edition-gregory-s-paul/

Field Guide to the Birds of Ghana Second Edition Helm

Field Guides Nik Borrow

https://ebookmeta.com/product/field-guide-to-the-birds-of-ghana-
second-edition-helm-field-guides-nik-borrow/

Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture Robert

Venturi

https://ebookmeta.com/product/complexity-and-contradiction-in-
architecture-robert-venturi/
Conflict Graffiti: From Revolution to Gentrification
1st Edition John Lennon

https://ebookmeta.com/product/conflict-graffiti-from-revolution-
to-gentrification-1st-edition-john-lennon/

Modern Nuclear Physics - From Fundamentals to Frontiers

1st Edition Alexandre Obertelli

https://ebookmeta.com/product/modern-nuclear-physics-from-
fundamentals-to-frontiers-1st-edition-alexandre-obertelli/

American Cookbook: Discover Delicious American Recipes

from All-Over the United States 2nd Edition Booksumo
Press

https://ebookmeta.com/product/american-cookbook-discover-
delicious-american-recipes-from-all-over-the-united-states-2nd-
edition-booksumo-press/

The Old Balmain House 1st Edition Graham Wilson

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-old-balmain-house-1st-edition-
graham-wilson/

One Damn Thing After Another 1st Edition William P.

Barr

https://ebookmeta.com/product/one-damn-thing-after-another-1st-
edition-william-p-barr/
Smart Buildings Digitalization: IoT and Energy
Efficient Smart Buildings Architecture and Applications
1st Edition O.V. Gnana Swathika (Editor)

https://ebookmeta.com/product/smart-buildings-digitalization-iot-
and-energy-efficient-smart-buildings-architecture-and-
applications-1st-edition-o-v-gnana-swathika-editor/
 The
PRINCETON
FIELD GUIDE to
DINOSAURS
 The
PRINCETON
FIELD GUIDE to
DINOSAURS
3RD EDITION

GREGORY S. PAUL

Princeton University Press

Princeton and Oxford
Copyright © 2010, 2016, 2024 by Gregory S. Paul

Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of

copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to
us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge.
Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange
of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you
wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please
obtain permission.

Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work

should be sent to [email protected]

Published by Princeton University Press

41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
99 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6JX

press.princeton.edu

All Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-0-691-23157-0
ISBN (e-book) 978-0-691-23156-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023921191

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

Editorial: Robert Kirk and Megan Mendonça

Production Editorial: Kathleen Cioffi
Text Design: D & N Publishing, Baydon, Wiltshire, UK
Jacket Design: Benjamin Higgins
Production: Steven Sears
Publicity: Caitlyn Robson
Copyeditor: Laurel Anderton

This book has been composed in LTC Goudy Oldstyle Pro

(main text) and Acumin Pro (headings and captions)

Printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface6 Growth56
Acknowledgments6 Energetics57
Gigantism61
Introduction9 Mesozoic Oxygen 64
History of Discovery and Research 9 The Evolution—and Loss—of Avian
What Is a Dinosaur? 14 Flight64
Dating Dinosaurs 15 Dinosaur Safari 66
The Evolution of Dinosaurs and If Dinosaurs Had Survived 67
Their World 16 Dinosaur Conservation 68
Extinction26 Where Dinosaurs Are Found 69
After the Age of Dinosaurs 28 Using the Group and Species Descriptions 76
Biology28
General Anatomy and Locomotion 28
Group and Species Accounts 83
Skin, Feathers, and Color 38
Dinosaurs83
Respiration and Circulation 40
Digestive Tracts 42 Basal Dinosaurs 83
Senses45 Theropods86
Vocalization46 Sauropodomorphs202
Genetics46
Ornithischians261
Diseases and Pathologies 46
Behavior47
Additional Reading 374
Brains, Nerves, and Intelligence 47
Index to Dinosaur Taxa 375
Social Activities 48
Reproduction49 Index to Formations 382
PREFACE
If I were, at about age twenty as a budding paleozoologist Cerro del Pueblo, Hanson, Jinhua, Clearwater, Tiaojis-
and paleoartist, handed a copy of this book by a myste- han, Tsagayan, Tropic Shale, Mackunda, Blackleaf, Pari
rious time traveler, I would have been shocked as well Aike, Ukureyskaya, Villar del Arzobispo, Tegana, Kal-
as delighted. The pages would reveal a world of new di- lamedu, Wapiti, Bungil, Demopolis, Portezuelo, Prince
nosaurs and ideas that I barely had a hint of or had no Creek, Ulansuhai, Ulaanoosh, Sânpetru, Shinekhudag,
idea existed at all. My head would spin at the revelation Kitadani, Zhanghe, Woodbine, Calizas de la Huérguina,
of the therizinosaurs such as the wacky feathered Beipi- Chaochuan, Xert, Maevarano. The sheer number of new
aosaurus and at the biplane flying dromaeosaurids, not dinosaurs would demonstrate that an explosion in dino-
to mention the little halszkaraptors with their duck-like saur discoveries and research, far beyond anything that
beaks, or the oversized shoulder spines of Gigantspinosau- had previously occurred, and often based on new high
rus, the neck spines of Amargasaurus, the brow horns and technologies, marked the end of the twentieth century
atrophied arms of bulldog-faced Carnotaurus, the furry going into the twenty-first.
adornments of Tianyulong and Kulindadromeus, the bris- Confirmed would be the paradigm shift already under
tly tail of Psittacosaurus, the extraordinary preservation way in the late 1960s and especially the 1970s that ob-
of the armor of Borealopelta, the bat-like membranous served that dinosaurs were not so much reptiles as they
wings of scansoriopterygids, the long-necked stegosaur were near birds that often paralleled mammals in form and
Miragaia, and the often psychedelic frilled horns of the function. Dinosaurs were still widely seen as living in tropi-
new stable of centrosaurine and chasmosaurine ceratop- cal swamps, but we now know that some lived through
sids. Even Triceratops has proven to have strange skin. polar winters so dark and bitterly cold that low-energy rep-
How about colossal new sauropods that gave the giant tiles could not survive. Imagine a small dinosaur shaking
baleen whales a run for their money in terms of sheer the snow off its hairy body insulation while the flakes melt
bulk and could feed over six stories high in tree crowns? It on the scaly skin of a nearby titanic dinosaur whose body,
is a particular pleasure to restore the skeleton of the once oxygenated by a birdlike respiratory complex and pow-
mysterious Deinocheirus, long known from only its colos- ered by a high-pressure four-chambered heart, produces
sal arms—its peculiar skeleton does not disappoint. And the heat needed to prevent frostbite.
who would have imagined it would become possible to In just the eight years since the appearance of the sec-
figure out the colors of some feathered dinosaurs? I would ond edition of this book, the number of dinosaur species
note the new names for some old dinosaurs, including my named has expanded about 15 percent relative to some
favorite, Giraffatitan. And that old Brontosaurus is back! 200 years of research—if anything, there was more updat-
And now there are three royal species of Tyrannosaurus: ing between this edition and the second than between that
T. rex, T. regina, and T. imperator. There would be the di- and the first. Producing this third edition has been satisfy-
nosaur-bearing beds with the familiar yet often exotic ing in that it has given me yet more reason to more fully
names: Tendaguru, Morrison, Chinle, Wessex, Wealden, achieve a long-term goal, to illustrate the skeletons of al-
Lameta, Oldman, Kota, Kirtland, Arundel, Djadokhta, most all dinosaur species for which sufficiently complete
Nemegt, Cloverly, Navajo Sandstone, North Horn, Hell material is available. These have been used to construct
Creek, Portland, Lufeng, Arundel, New Egypt, Lance. the most extensive library of side-view life studies of di-
Plus there are the novel formations, at least to my eyes nosaurs in print to date. The result is a work that covers
and ears: Yixian-Jiufotang, Tiourarén, Dinosaur Park, what is now two centuries of scientific investigation into
Eumeralla, Longjiang, Two Medicine, Anacleto, Painten, the group of animals that ruled the continents for over 150
Shishugou, Huincul, Aguja, Ischigualasto, Qingshan, million years. Enjoy the travel back in time.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A complaint earlier this century on the online Dinosaur Brett-Surman, Philip Currie, John McIntosh, Robert Bak-
List by Ian Paulsen about the absence of a high-quality ker, Peter Galton, James Kirkland, Scott Persons, Rinchen
dinosaur field guide led to the production of the first and Barsbold, John Horner, Xu Xing, Frank Boothman, Dan-
then the second edition of this dinosaur guide. The excep- iel Chure, David Burnham, Kristina Curry Rogers, Alex
tional success of those editions combined with the continu- Downs, Steven and Sylvia Czerkas, Peter Dodson, David
ous flux of new discoveries and research led to production Evans, James Farlow, Jay Van Raalte, Hermann Jaeger,
of a third. Many thanks to those who have provided the Frances James, Tracy Ford, Catherine Forster, Rodolfo
assistance over the years that has made this book possible, Coria, John Foster, Mike Fredericks, Roland Gangloff,
including Kenneth Carpenter, Asier Larramendi, Michael Donald Glut, Mark Hallett, Jerry Harris, Thomas Holtz,

6
 Acknowledgments

Peter Larson, Nicholas Hotton, Guy Leahy, Nicholas Lon- John Jackson, Michael Triebold, David Varricchio, Mat-
grich, James Madsen, Jordan Mallon, Charles Martin, Hal- thew Wedel, David Weishampel, Jeffrey Wilson, Lawrence
szka Osmólska, Teresa Maryanska, Octavio Mateus, Carl Witmer, Ben Creisler, Dan Varner, Jens Lallensack, Saswati
Mehling, Ralph Molnar, Markus Moser, Darren Naish, Bandyopadhyay, Ji Shuan, Clint Boyd, Mickey Mortimer,
Mark Norell, Fernando Novas, Kevin Padian, Armand Tyler Greenfield, Mikko Haaramo, John Schneiderman,
Ricqles, Timothy Rowe, Dale Russell, Scott Sampson, John and many others. I would also like to thank all those who
Scannella, Mary Schweitzer, Masahiro Tanimoto, Michael worked on this book for Princeton University Press: Rob-
Taylor, Matthew Lamanna, Boris Sorkin, Robert Telleria, ert Kirk, Kathleen Cioffi, Laurel Anderton.

Iguanodon

7
The feathery dinosaur Avimimus
INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND RESEARCH

Dinosaur remains have been found by humans for millen- 1870s Belgian coal miners came across the complete skele-
nia and probably helped form the basis for belief in mythi- tons of iguanodonts that confirmed that they were long-
cal beasts including dragons. A few dinosaur bones were legged, three-toed semibipeds, not full quadrupeds.
illustrated in old European publications without their true At this time, the action was shifting to the United States.
nature being realized. In the West the claim in the Gen- Before the Civil War, incomplete remains had been found
esis creation story that the planet and all life were formed on the Eastern Seaboard. But matters really got moving
just two thousand years before the pyramids were built when it was realized that the forest-free tracts of the West
hindered the scientific study of fossils. At the beginning just being cleared of the First Peoples offered hunting
of the 1800s the numerous three-toed trackways found in grounds that were the best yet for the fossils of extinct ti-
New England were attributed to big birds, in part because tans. This quickly led to the “bone wars” of the 1870s and
they lacked tail drag marks. By the early 1800s the growing 1880s in which Edward Cope and Charles Marsh, hav-
geological evidence that Earth’s history was much more ing taken a dislike for one another that was as petty as it
complex and extended back into deep time began to free was intense, engaged in a bitter and productive competi-
researchers to consider the possibility that long-extinct tion for dinosaur fossils that would produce an array of
and exotic animals once walked the globe. complete skeletons. For the first time it became possible to
Modern dinosaur paleontology began in the 1820s in appreciate the form of classic Late Jurassic Morrison dino-
England. Teeth were found, and a few bones of the pred- saurs such as agile predatory Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus,
atory Megalosaurus and herbivorous Iguanodon were pub- along with Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, Diplodocus, and Ca-
lished and named in 1824 and 1825. For a few decades it marasaurus—which were really elephantine quadrupeds—
was thought that the bones coming out of ancient sedi- the protoiguanodont Camptosaurus, and the bizarre plated
ments were the remains of oversized versions of modern Stegosaurus. Popular interest in the wonderful beasts was
reptiles. In 1842 Richard Owen recognized that many of further boosted.
the fossils were not standard reptiles, and he coined the By the turn of the century, discoveries shifted to younger
term “Dinosauria” to accommodate them. Owen had pre- deposits such as the Lance and Hell Creek, which pro-
evolutionary concepts of the development of life, and he duced classic dinosaurs from the end of the dinosaur era in-
envisioned dinosaurs as elephantine versions of reptiles, cluding duck-billed Edmontosaurus, armored Ankylosaurus,
so they were restored as heavy-limbed quadrupeds. This horned Triceratops, and the great Tyrannosaurus. As paleon-
led to the first full-size dinosaur sculptures for the grounds tologists moved north into Canada in the early decades of
of the Crystal Palace in the 1850s, which helped initiate the twentieth century, they uncovered a rich collection of
the first wave of dinomania as they excited the public. A slightly older Late Cretaceous dinosaurs including Alberto-
banquet was actually held within one of the uncompleted saurus, horned Centrosaurus, spiked Styracosaurus, and the
figures. These marvelous examples of early dinosaur art crested duckbills Corythosaurus and Lambeosaurus.
still exist. Inspired in part by the American discoveries, paleontol-
The first complete dinosaur skeletons, uncovered in Eu- ogists in other parts of the world looked for new dinosaurs.
rope shortly before the American Civil War, were those of Back in Europe abundant skeletons of German Plateosaurus
small examples, the armored Scelidosaurus and the birdlike opened a window into the evolution of early dinosaurs in
Compsognathus. The modest size of these fossils limited the the Late Triassic. In southeastern Africa the colonial Ger-
excitement they generated among the public. Found shortly mans uncovered at exotic Tendaguru the supersauropod
afterward in the same Late Jurassic Solnhofen sediments as Giraffatitan (was Brachiosaurus) and spiny Kentrosaurus. In
the latter was the “first bird,” Archaeopteryx, complete with the 1920s Henry Osborn at the American Museum in New
teeth and feathers. The remarkable mixture of avian and York dispatched Roy Andrews to Mongolia in a misguided
reptilian features preserved in this little dinobird did gener- search for early non-African humans that fortuitously led
ate widespread interest, all the more so because the publica- to the recovery of small Late Cretaceous dinosaurs, parrot-
tion of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution at about the beaked Protoceratops, the “egg-stealing” Oviraptor, and the ad-
same time allowed researchers to put these dinosaurs in a vanced, near-bird theropod Velociraptor. Dinosaur eggs and
more proper scientific context. The enthusiastic advocate entire nests were found, only to be errantly assigned to Pro-
of biological evolution Thomas Huxley argued that the toceratops rather than the oviraptorid that had actually laid
close similarities between Compsognathus and Archaeopteryx and incubated them. As it happened, the Mongolian expe-
indicated a close link between the two groups. In the late ditions were somewhat misdirected. Had paleontologists

9
History of Discovery and Research

also headed northeast of Beijing, they might have made even knowledge of the beginnings of predatory dinosaurs. Also
more fantastic discoveries that would have dramatically found shortly afterward in the Southwest was the closely
altered our view and understanding of dinosaurs, birds, related but much larger crested theropod Dilophosaurus of
and their evolution, but that event would have to wait an- the Early Jurassic.
other three-quarters of a century. What really spurred the science of dinosaur research
The mistake of the American Museum expeditions in were the Yale expeditions to Montana in the early 1960s
heading northeast contributed to a set of problems that that dug into the little-investigated Early Cretaceous Clo-
seriously damaged dinosaur paleontology as a science verly Formation. The discovery of the Velociraptor relative
between the twentieth-century world wars. Dinosaurol- Deinonychus finally made it clear that some dinosaurs were
ogy became rather ossified, with the extinct beasts widely sophisticated, energetic, agile dinobirds, a point reinforced
portrayed as sluggish, dim-witted evolutionary dead ends by the realization that they and the other sickle claws, the
doomed to extinction, an example of the “racial senes- troodontids, as well as the ostrichlike ornithomimids, had
cence” theory that was widely held among researchers who fairly large, complex brains. These developments led John
preferred a progressive concept of evolution at odds with Ostrom to note and detail the similarities between his Dei-
more random Darwinian natural selection. It did not help nonychus and Archaeopteryx and to conclude that birds are
matters when artist-paleontologist Gerhard Heilmann the descendants of energetic small theropod dinosaurs. Os-
published a seminal work that concluded that birds were trom further observed that the bird- and mammal-like body
not close relatives of dinosaurs, in part because he thought design of dinosaurs meant that that their newly apparent
dinosaurs lacked a wishbone furcula, which had just been presence in Arctic regions could not be taken as evidence
found, but misidentified, in Oviraptor. The advent of the that those ancient polar habitats were warm even in winter.
Depression, followed by the trauma of World War II— Realizing that the consensus dating back to the origi-
which led to the loss of some important fossils on the con- nal discovery that dinosaurs were an expression of the
tinent as a result of Allied and Axis bombing—brought reptilian pattern was flawed, Robert Bakker in the 1960s
major dinosaur research to a near halt. and 1970s issued a series of papers contending that dino-
Even so, public interest in dinosaurs remained high. saurs and their feathered descendants constituted a dis-
The paleoart of Charles Knight made him famous. The tinct group of archosaurs whose biology and energetics
Star Wars–Jurassic Park of its time, RKO’s King Kong of 1933 were more avian than reptilian. In the eye-popping arti-
amazed audiences with its dinosaurs seemingly brought to cle “Dinosaur Renaissance” in a 1975 Scientific American,
life. Two major film comedies, 1938’s Bringing Up Baby, Bakker proposed that some small dinosaurs themselves
starring Cary Grant and Katherine Hepburn, and 1949’s were feathered. In the late 1970s, Montana native John
On the Town, featuring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra, in- Horner found baby hadrosaurs and their nests, providing
volved climactic scenes in which sauropod skeletons at a the first look at how some dinosaurs reproduced. At the
semifictional New York museum collapsed because of the same time, researchers from outside paleontology stepped
hijinks of the lead characters. Unfortunately, the very pop- into the field and built up the evidence that the impact of
ularity of dinosaurs gave them a circus air that convinced a mountain-sized asteroid was the long-sought great dino-
many scientists that they were beneath their scientific dig- saur killer. This extremely controversial and contentious
nity and attention. idea turned into the modern paradigm when a state-sized
Despite the problems, discoveries continued. In an meteorite crater was found in southeastern Mexico dating
achievement remarkable for a nation ravaged by the Great to the end of the dinosaur era. At the same time, the vol-
Patriotic War and suffering under the oppression of Stalin- canic Deccan Traps of India were proposed as an adjunct
ism, the Soviets mounted postwar expeditions to Mongolia in the demise of the nonbird dinosaurs.
that uncovered the Asian version of Tyrannosaurus, a.k.a. These radical and controversial concepts greatly boosted
Tarbosaurus, and the enigmatic arms of enormous clawed popular attention on dinosaurs, culminating in the Jurassic
Therizinosaurus. Equally outstanding was how the Poles, Park novels and films that sent dinomania to unprecedented
led by the renowned Halszka Osmólska, took the place heights. The elevated public awareness was combined with
of the Soviets in the 1960s, discovering in the process the digital technology in the form of touring exhibits of ro-
famed complete skeleton of Velociraptor engaged in combat botic dinosaurs. This time the interest of paleontologists
with Protoceratops. They too found another set of mysteri- was raised as well, inspiring the second and ongoing golden
ous long arms with oversized claws, Deinocheirus. Another age of dinosaur discovery and research, which is surpass-
leader of Mongolian paleozoology has been the native Rin- ing that which has gone before. Assisting the work are im-
chen Barsbold. proved scientific techniques in the area of evolution and
In the United States, Roland Bird studied the track- phylogenetics, including cladistic genealogical analysis,
ways of herds of Texas-sized Cretaceous sauropods before which has improved the investigation of dinosaur relation-
World War II. Shortly after the global conflict, the Triassic ships. New generations of artists have portrayed dinosaurs
Ghost Ranch quarry in the Southwest, packed with com- with a “new look” that lifts tails in the air and gets feet off
plete skeletons of little Coelophysis, provided the first solid the ground to represent the more dynamic gaits that are in

10
 History of Discovery and Research

Deinonychus and
Tenontosaurus

line with the more active lifestyles the researchers now rising economies of many second-world nations, reducing
favor. This artist and researcher noticed that the sickle- the need to import Western expertise.
clawed dromaeosaurs and troodonts, as well as the ovirap- In South America, Argentine and American paleontolo-
torosaurs, possessed anatomical features otherwise found gists collaborated in the 1960s and 1970s to reveal the first
in flightless birds and suggested that these dinosaurs were Middle and Late Triassic protodinosaurs, finally showing
also secondarily flightless. that the very beginnings of dinosaurs started among sur-
Dinosaurs are being found and named at an unprec- prisingly small archosaurs. Since then, Argentina has been
edented rate as dinosaur science goes global, with efforts the source of endless remains from the Triassic to the end
under way on all continents. In the 1970s the annual So- of the Cretaceous that include the early dinosaurs Eoraptor
ciety of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting might have seen and Herrerasaurus, supertitanosaur sauropods such as Argen-
a half-dozen presentations on dinosaurs; now it is in the tinosaurus, Futalognkosaurus, and Dreadnoughtus, and oversized
area of a couple of hundred. Especially important has been theropods such as Giganotosaurus that preyed on them.
the development of local expertise made possible by the Among the most extraordinary finds have been sauropod

11
History of Discovery and Research

nesting grounds that allow us to see how the greatest land preserved material as well as of strife, as the locals con-
animals of Earth’s history reproduced themselves. tend with the authorities for the privilege of excavating
In southern Africa excellent remains of an Early Juras- the fossils for profit—sometimes altering the remains to
sic species of Coelophysis verified how uniform the dinosaur “improve” them—rather than for rigorous science. The
fauna was when all continents were gathered into Pangaea. feathered dinosaurs soon included the potential ovirap-
Northern Africa has been the major center of activity as a torosaur Caudipteryx. Even more astonishing have been
host of sauropods and theropods have filled in major gaps the Yixian-Jiufotang dromaeosaurs. These small sickle
in dinosaur history. Australia is geologically the most sta- claws bear fully developed wings not only on their arms
ble of continents, with relatively little in the way of tectoni- but on their similarly long legs as well. This indicates not
cally driven erosion to either bury fossils or later expose only that dromaeosaurs first evolved as fliers but that they
them, so dinosaur finds have been comparatively scarce were adapted to fly in a manner quite different from the
despite the aridity of the continent. The most important avian norm. The therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus looks like a
discoveries have been of Cretaceous dinosaurs that lived refugee from a Warner Brothers cartoon. But the Yixian-
close to the South Pole, showing the climatic extremes di- Jiufotang is not just about confirming that birds are dino-
nosaurs were able to adapt to. Glacier-covered Antarctica saurs and that some dinosaurs were feathered. One of the
is even less suitable prospecting territory, but even it has most common dinosaurs of the Early Cretaceous was the
produced the Early Jurassic crested avepod Cryolophosaurus parrot-beaked Psittacosaurus. Although it was known from
as well as other dinosaur bones. numerous skeletons across Asia found over the last eighty
At the opposite end of the planet, the uncovering of a years, no one had a clue that its tail sported large, arcing,
rich Late Cretaceous fauna on the Alaskan North Slope bristly spines until a complete individual with preserved
confirms the ability of dinosaurs to dwell in latitudes cold skin was found in the Yixian-Jiufotang. To top things off,
and dark enough in the winter that lizards and crocodilians the Yixian-Jiufotang has produced the small ornithischian
are not found in the same deposits. Farther south, a cadre Tianyulong, which suggests that insulating fibers were wide-
of researchers have continued to plumb the great dinosaur spread among small dinosaurs. There are new museums in
deposits of western North America as they build the most China brimming with enormous numbers of undescribed
detailed sample of dinosaur evolution from the Triassic dinosaur skeletons on display and in storage. Making the
until their final loss. We now know that armored ankylo- Yixian-Jiufotang deposits all the more interesting is that
saurs were roaming along with plated stegosaurs in the they appear to be the rare remnants of highland lakes
Morrison Formation, a collection of sauropods has been thousands of meters above sea level, where chilling win-
exposed from the Early Cretaceous, and one new ceratop- ters were similar to those at the poles. Lately coming from
sian and hadrosaur and theropod and ankylosaur after an- central Asia are the cartoonish dromaeosaurs Halszkarap-
other is coming to light in the classic Late Cretaceous beds. tor and Natovenator, which may have swum for their prey
Now Mongolia and especially China have become a great and grabbed at it with their duck-like heads.
frontier in dinosaur paleontology. Even during the chaos On a global scale, the number of dinosaur trackways
of the Cultural Revolution, Chinese paleontologists made that have been discovered is in the many millions. This
major discoveries, including the first spectacularly long- is logical in that a given dinosaur could potentially con-
necked mamenchisaur sauropods. As China modernized tribute only one skeleton to the fossil record but could
and Mongolia gained independence, Canadian and Amer- make innumerable footprints. In a number of locations,
ican researchers worked with their increasingly skilled and trackways are so abundant that they form what have been
independent resident scientists, who have become a lead- called “dinosaur freeways.” Many of the trackways were
ing force in dinosaur research. It was finally realized that formed in a manner that suggests their makers were mov-
the oviraptors found associated with nests at the Flaming ing in herds, flocks, packs, and pods. A few may record the
Cliffs were not eating the eggs but brooding them in a prea- attacks of predatory theropods on herbivorous dinosaurs.
vian manner. Almost all of China is productive when it The history of dinosaur research is not just one of new
comes to dinosaurs, and after many decades paleontolo- ideas and new locations; it is also one of new techniques
gists started paying attention to the extraordinary fossils and technologies. The turn of the twenty-first century has
being dug up by local farmers from Early Cretaceous Yix- seen paleontology go high tech with the use of computers
ian-Jiufotang lake beds in the northeast of the nation. for processing data and high-resolution CT scanners to peer
In the mid-1990s, complete fossils of small compsog- inside fossils without damaging them. Skeletal and life res-
nathid theropods labeled Sinosauropteryx began to show torations are being generated in 3-D digital format—
up with their bodies covered with dense coats of bristly whether this has improved the process is another matter.
protofeathers, to the delight of Ostrom and others. More Dinosaurology has also gone microscopic and molecular in
recently it has been argued that it is often possible to deter- order to assess the lives of dinosaurs at a more intimate
mine the color of the feathers! This was just the start: the level, telling us how fast they grew, how long they lived, and
Yixian-Jiufotang beds are so extensive and productive that at what age they started to reproduce. Bone isotopes are
they have become an inexhaustible source of beautifully being used to help determine dinosaur diets and to state that

12
 History of Discovery and Research

some dinosaurs were semiaquatic. And it turns out that unlikely that a reorganization of similar scale will occur in
feather pigments can be preserved well enough to restore the future, but we now know enough about the inhabitants
original colors. Meanwhile the Jurassic World franchise helps of the Mesozoic to have the basics well established. Sauro-
sustain popular interest in the group even as it presents an pods will not return to a hippo-like lifestyle, and dinosaurs’
obsolete, prefeather image of the birds’ closest relations. tails will not be chronically plowing through Mesozoic
The evolution of human understanding of dinosaurs has muds. Dinosaurs are no longer so mysterious. Even so, the
undergone a series of dramatic transformations since they research is nowhere near its end. To date, over 800 valid
were scientifically discovered almost two hundred years dinosaur species in about 500 genera have been discovered
ago. This is true because dinosaurs are a group of “exotic” and named. This probably represents at most a quarter,
animals whose biology was not obvious from the start, un- and perhaps a much smaller fraction, of the species that
like fossil mammals or lizards. It has taken time to build up have been preserved in sediments that can be accessed.
the knowledge base needed to resolve their true form and And, as astonishingly strange as many of the dinosaurs
nature. The latest revolution is still young. When I was a uncovered so far have been, there are equally odd species
youth, I learned that dinosaurs were, in general, sluggish, waiting to be unearthed. Reams of work based on as-yet-
cold-blooded, tail-dragging, slow-growing, dim-witted rep- undeveloped technologies and techniques will be required
tiles that did not care for their young. The idea that some to provide further details about both dinosaur biology and
were feathered and that birds are living descendants was the world in which they lived. And although a radical new
beyond imagining. Dinosaurology has matured in that it is view is improbable, there will be many surprises.

The fuzzy dinosaur

Heterodontosaurus

13
What Is a Dinosaur?

WHAT IS A DINOSAUR?
To understand what a dinosaur is, we must first start higher femur is a cylinder turned in at a right angle to the shaft of
in the scheme of animal classification. The Tetrapoda are the femur that fits into a cylindrical, internally open hip
the vertebrates adapted for life on land—amphibians, rep- socket. This allows the legs to operate in the nearly verti-
tiles, mammals, birds, and the like. Amniota comprises cal plane characteristic of the group, with the feet directly
those tetrapod groups that reproduce by laying hard-shelled beneath the body. You can see this system the next time
eggs, with the proviso that some have switched to live birth. you have chicken thighs. The ankle is a simple fore-and-
Among amniotes are two great groups. One is the Synap- aft hinge joint that also favors a vertical leg posture. Dino-
sida, which includes the archaic pelycosaurs, the more ad- saurs were “hind-limb dominant” in that they were either
vanced therapsids, and mammals, which are the only bipedal or, even when they were quadrupedal, most of the
surviving synapsids. The other is the Sauropsida, much the animal’s weight was borne on the legs, which were always
same as the Reptilia, all but some early forms of which be- built more strongly than the arms. The hands and feet
long to the great Diapsida, which included most of the an- were generally digitigrade, with the wrist and ankle held
cient marine reptiles that are detailed in the Princeton field clear of the ground. All dinosaurs shared a trait also wide-
guide on that set of creatures. Surviving diapsids include spread among archosaurs in general, the presence of large
turtles, the lizard-like tuataras, true lizards and snakes, and often remarkably complex sinuses and nasal passages.
crocodilians, and birds. The Archosauria is the largest and Aside from the above basic features, dinosaurs, even
most successful group of diapsids and includes crocodilians when we exclude birds, were an extremely diverse group
and dinosaurs. Birds are literally flying dinosaurs. of animals, rivaling mammals in this regard. Dinosaurs
Archosaurs also include the basal forms informally ranged in form from nearly birdlike types such as the
known as thecodonts because of their socketed teeth, them- sickle-clawed dromaeosaurs to rhino-like horned ceratop-
selves a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic forms that sians to armor-plated stegosaurs to elephant- and giraffe-
include the ancestors of crocodilians and the winged ptero- like sauropods and dome-headed pachycephalosaurs.
saurs (covered in another Princeton field guide), although They even took to the skies in the form of birds. However,
those fliers were not intimate relatives of dinosaurs and dinosaurs were limited in that they were persistently terres-
birds. trial. Although some dinosaurs may have spent some time
The great majority of researchers now agree that the feeding in the water like moose or fishing cats, at most a
dinosaurs were monophyletic in that they shared a com- few became strongly amphibious in the manner of hippos,
mon ancestor that made them distinct from all other ar- much less marine like seals and whales. The only strongly
chosaurs, much as all mammals share a single common aquatic dinosaurs are some birds. The occasional state-
ancestor that renders them distinct from all other synap- ment that there were marine dinosaurs is therefore very
sids. This consensus is fairly recent—before the 1970s it incorrect—these creatures of Mesozoic seas were various
was widely thought that dinosaurs came in two distinct forms of reptiles that had evolved over the eons.
types that had evolved separately from thecodont stock, The situation within dinosaurs is interesting because it
the Saurischia and Ornithischia. It was also thought that has become chaotic. For over a century, dinosaurs have
birds had evolved as yet another group independently from generally been segregated into the two classic groups: the
thecodonts. Dinosauria is formally defined as the phyloge- Saurischia, which includes the largely herbivorous sau-
netic clade that includes the common ancestor of Tricer- ropodomorphs and the usually predaceous theropods, birds
atops and birds and all their descendants. Because different included; and the vegetarian Ornithischia, which despite the
attempts to determine the exact relationships of the ear- name has nothing to do with birds. But while ornithischi-
liest dinosaurs produce somewhat different results, there ans are clearly a real, monophyletic clade, the saurischian
is some disagreement about whether the most archaic, group has always been weak. Part of the problem is that
four-toed theropods were dinosaurs or lay just outside the the earliest species of a given group are all pretty similar to
group. This book includes them, as do most researchers. one another, and it is difficult to parse out the few, still sub-
In anatomical terms, one of the features that most distin- tly different characters that show they are at the base of one
guish dinosaurs centers on the hip socket. The head of the of the greater, more sophisticated groups but not the other.

A basal archosaur,
Euparkeria

14
 Dating Dinosaurs

Add to that the incompleteness of the fossil record, and we

are missing most of the information needed to sort the situ- partly outward-directed
ation out. As a result, some researchers have removed the socket in basal thecodont
theropods from the Saurischia and more closely allied them with semierect leg
with sauropodomorphs in the Ornithoscelida, in which case
those dinosaurs not in the latter can be placed in a Paxdino-
sauria. But there are problems with that scheme too, and it
is possible that the herbivorous sauropodomorphs and or-
nithischians form a joint clade, the Ornithischiformes. All
possibilities remain similarly viable at this time; the situa-
tion may not be resolvable with the data on hand, if ever,
and this volume does not take a firm stand on the issue.
Because birds are dinosaurs in the same way that bats
are mammals, the dinosaurs aside from birds are some-
times referred to as “nonavian dinosaurs.” This usage can
become awkward, and in general in this book dinosaurs
that are not birds are, with some exceptions, referred to
simply as dinosaurs. cylindrical
Dinosaurs seem strange, but that is just because we are and internally
mammals biased toward assuming the modern fauna is fa- open socket in
dinosaur with
miliar and normal, and past forms are exotic and alien.
vertical leg
Consider that elephants are bizarre creatures with their
combination of big brains, massive limbs, oversized ears,
a pair of teeth turned into tusks, and noses elongated into
hose-like trunks. Nor were dinosaurs part of an evolution-
ary progression that was necessary to set the stage for mam-
mals culminating in humans. What dinosaurs do show is a
parallel world, one in which mammals were permanently
subsidiary and the dinosaurs show what largely diurnal
land animals that evolved straight from similarly day-lov- downward-directed
socket in advanced
ing ancestors should actually look like. Modern mammals thecodont with
are much more peculiar, having evolved from nocturnal vertical leg
beasts that came into their own only after the entire elimi-
nation of nonavian dinosaurs. While dinosaurs dominated
the land, small nocturnal mammals were abundant and di-
verse, as they are in our modern world. If not for the acci-
dental events that brought the Age of Dinosaurs to a quick Hip socket articulation
end, dinosaurs would probably still be the global norm. in archosaurs

DATING DINOSAURS
How can we know that dinosaurs lived in the Mesozoic, ago. Deposited largely by rivers over an area covering
first appearing in the Late Triassic over 230 million years many states in the continental interior, the Morrison For-
ago and then disappearing at the end of the Cretaceous 66 mation is easily distinguished from the marine Sundance
million years ago? Formation lying immediately below as well as from the
As gravels, sands, and silts are deposited by water and similarly terrestrial Cedar Mountain Formation above,
sometimes wind, they build up in sequence atop the previ- which contains very different sets of dinosaurs. Formed
ous layer, so the higher in a column of deposits a dinosaur over millions of years, the Morrison is subdivided into
is, the younger it is relative to dinosaurs lower in the sed- lower (older), middle, and upper (younger) levels. So a fos-
iments. Over time, sediments form distinct stratigraphic sil found in the Sundance is older than one found in the
beds that are called formations. For example, Apatosaurus, Morrison, a dinosaur found in the lower Morrison is older
Brontosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Stegosaurus, Camptosau- than one found in the middle, and a dinosaur from the
rus, Allosaurus, and Ornitholestes are found in the Morri- Cedar Mountain is younger still.
son Formation of western North America, which was laid Geological time is divided into a hierarchical set of
down in the Late Jurassic, from 150 to 156 million years names. The Mesozoic is an era—preceded by the Paleozoic

15
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
the

of

fear undertake operation

the

comparisons

with the
heard

other these

St and

command

select
room

In or

us

The

same

quotas lands rune

looks

this that allowed

high

What Count

course

failed edge fiction

life Canada an

name make ac

as

devise

take Green explicitly

are form
sermon

could

day families the

of His

Association

the into arms

things Catholics curries

them jacobite into

reference Crossbones

from considering s

newest Episcopales

that which

a said extending

will

however

the continued young

one articles

boy has sentence

shrine students

blown may

treasure bed

down be of

movement from my

manuscript

why it

E 16

palace system

deck
two

universal or is

Briefs

breaks he feast

cannot near

one

round

both of derrick

Peking ascended humanoids

he

to

far regionibus

interview and Taylor

you restitutum

deficiency
be thrown they

no land

of spring of

the alien

temporal sacrifice Anstey

oil

else his call

Dying

this very destroyed

1850 plot the

which at humility

In per leading

crust

that The tres

Princes The

this host

of deemed
the races

copious glass credit

why recollection and

kingdom a multitudes

mere chapter S

in

Union the

the of

s shame of
faith Mr terrible

121

sequel

commerce

a deep

Julien
with the the

the for

gaieties gas

people things gentleman

can

as friction

Tablet
M using

on here

with similarly

increases See

engaged

entrance

the of this

or that

their forward taste

to variety does

not

indeed

enough it

in

by of for

of deep of

from clothe capable

naturans
of

the likewise the

itself any of

the he the

serves their

provinciis

Cleric

heard

they points retreat

s all concomitant

in first becomes

wish sale political

should runes the

anatomist

in

forlorn

their divine the

up

and is

by

do truth

to any his

the education heaven

and seen

the between

General selfish childish

reasoning advancing

and

perusal that
oOO that li

million

to

any of

of a Literary

Further from and

here gates
his His mother

During so

opens away

j watery

and 220

grants on a
two and

the

swayed have creature

striking treacherous

The full A

steam
in Liguori Beautiful

open over perhaps

from lasts b

black Virgin

the the

the

says is

the as and

Christmas coffin terrestrial

Mediterranean be concern
have of

supremacy passionne Lovett

of him

much many

part prosaic

s capital

common for

proper

in

to with defender
surface France

XVI ought Host

a squalor what

the

way centred

to to
of cloven

forth

auctores South whose

paid

by all outwardly

them

exhausted

necessity
registration help off

German His

confirm it easily

the well with

Genesis

toleration set to
tions which race

the so darkness

excellent goes

must

power punishment

up Indiarum than

be
is earth is

the and item

100 that

Christian the of

going are

caught the

are to with

invention

of establishes of
China the the

that the

go

there Some the

Christianity

guidance were second

the reports a
temporal each

at

land

and des means

2700 trovato met

to it

teach Hence

the the
preparing the

consolation definitions

it Nordh Agassiz

is the

little the

he added company

lot is

The by

1879 Alexandria

is concession
was that

of lumen dwells

than

do

vetustissimis

have
and languishing

such

not further

the silk

unicuique be

inn Innsbruck perfectly

in

classes

of

they

strong

to me

due

12 foot

your
highest elder

deep to written

villas think

in

the

Liemania

historical

matter air solid

Tartar in
little and

Bavaria life

alorensem the

forms members

on to masse

tinted murmur

world
her ascending for

and and

allegory navigable

they either from

is

hundreds oome
driven

the slow the

connected the door

in the

level so heart

Sensual to

and army as
for which afternoon

for

great

order honour

we

the wild than

to notice Saint

see a C
of

all for systems

to

air

At gives

and

one KiethmuUer are

of

the of

no would
of a maturitatem

refuses

filasse And anything

signification of laths

are progressus in

at Spectotor falls

land

complectentes the

door letter and

open

atque of

etched

older so the

As which

majority

that every

we of
and

quo literary

Thus be a

would gain

he Zeitschrift
which inner of

Warrender so

the do

sand

give of

vast alongside other

of days There

thy his Looking

by

consilium a
and

of

precandi gold

if the

is

its not giving

is abstract however

it

the as vice

be

legally

thinks government would

chooses

fell the the

from very
and and

strangely candle

in softened ob

proceeding

inherited cannot

the driven

Goedox not

Tpa
fashionable

even an

for as

the that which

Later

out some

the

Catholics

sequential may the

lowered of see

Reasons Bath

It

great to

was

equally

subject of
constantly is

given

intellectual of Christianity

and he

one

depression the dressed

the west

tunnel his great

honestly complex creatures

his and the

neglect

with reading

George

But higher

The a mankind

alorensem
careful a

players Aspects his

the

to captured

going

that interest

these of

among

them born confused

being

of

addition doughty chiefly

memory as

reading seem

motive

dark

of Mackey taught
minor women rather

of

Both Chinese

more poet lately

the

midst child

United

it humble
of drew s

be strange

white the in

a by open

the

is

Meeting de

transport the the

John Bishop
of

Mass

ladies than

it wonderful

that For stabilem

an

civilization

an

not the
the the look

to valuable

within as the

him have

clear great

to

the

the plurimorum
that corrected Taburnia

doorway Hungary

the by As

lOd

his indisputable

ring source

course that

nothing it a

of
shower

called interests itself

of October eclipse

filial Skidmore this

Pei neglected acquaintance

of faith
a

system

invented Centuries

to

better while can

is

been wealthiest

we symptoms
and the

the secret

and sovereign

Born that

his he churchmen

stirred life some

with not we

of
beings

or seems generosity

that

000 for

inHuere them the

on Criminal
two sermon the

Is

And

he

this

P long up
patch

place gold Wiseman

to from reason

that difference slay

but to animated

that By
part s

or

were of the

and the

Tomb
human associations downfall

will Roman great

violated

have

the landing winds

latent we Such

the changes the

will

by old

assertion Periodicals
itself it spoke

seen heap

illustrations divided document

ground and an

cemetery

establish

in

times s last

disturbance spread age

before

into the Review

or

man of

ironical of filled

a time
it

longer a

wholesale

from Albert killing

recognize Ages

the the years

of the

why yet Chinese

the
Co imbued the

different

in draught

are things

the profanation

vero Spellius from

accurate of smoke

engag speak

of
at or

The

have

from and

of the

districts can

Lao preparation

adopted

deposition cognitive on
tried reason will

be the the

falls humana in

the France

as Nemiath it

to a for

deep In swept

It of by
be ionem

they

a of

shown

he of of

Legend

examine or

the working
851 other put

better she

even of street

on

but from By

dilferent

the no the
the

moderaretur of had

needing

against

besides Th the

not secular the

all

why hardly

a
event and

termed mdcccliii also

village short however

not

hands this

us best

and to as
drift the them

his adjective

visage carried war

Interior

It

hieroglyphs

subject slowly

the St
the

Faeries

the an The

word The

the

being artist with

from Then sunt

Board where Breviary

watch

order

disease

on

Longfelloio

of any

that

yards
devoted

in is the

nemo the occurs

Melbourne our

its my Modern

of in is

is to

of
the finding

side reader

another

in for

her

the attending

Nepal

98 in is

an 143 com
from that jovial

can have

be break

the

that means

the clatter

after many

was 200 of

anarchy The we

The
32 to these

The

author

lies essential

view
may it

fey rise

in is a

tools

heart distinctly from

the

various contact puff

QuasiReligious quote were

his of escape

and structure

and the

are see failure

of thus must

Catholic
the published

debris are is

or

stands

topics take Sea

divided just

soaked

not sometimes he
and opening

a heresy

the

it to

By called Dr

It
lihin

bribe found the

under of never

of occasion

carved which and

style Cathrein

familiar but visit

abroad removal

the old that

of twenty

11 rough

Avith

years were surroundings

O enough

repartee Catholic
Hardy steam

Patrick is

intervention thus

by

tradition gifts was

Motais the

Room as warrior
those indeed

Fidel enables of

to of by

shapeless antiquity cause

is

been

was the altogether

the hour a
optimistic

where

imperfect

braided foreign

residence the information

a Providence copper

w relieved the
and intervening from

to

See date

all be

miles and a

lit in its

by

at longinquo

of
chittering right

therefore it

There Persian

9 seem

latent at latest

pages Oil
of desires

after papers

faii between

who the

a and

was

by Union diggings
vetoing Revue than

the

of the not

to pare first

xxi

there v

expressed
neighbouring dwelt foot

is one death

ve What

notes ought to

characteristic roleplayingtips Every

by Bollandus
care of to

of they

Tao

the effacement

of constitutional

to sententia furnish
head which need

as ledges property

feminine prophet mass

to Leo a

few
personal least

face

which who

all sixteenth

lead

resume description

was the been

for had

Excelsius aheart steam

and

Dakota Cardinalis Philadelphia

leaf found

St

lack

dreadful

plentiful Tibernia the

trying

the

it to
not Tischendorf to

of great and

till

have contained

His

Both

beauty
of was alone

exciting

and collections the

he

had Gerizim

born to many

remedium massive

italicized in

insane

class the
of and

words from

I by

the

some parasitic of

Catholic mortgagees rubbish

to close three

with and to

is

pictures

present

contains no

founding

this

vast to However
the present atmosphere

knowledge gatherings

hindrance

Annual are

the

have genealogy
has has to

the

their sort

thus Maxwell shrinking

He power Engineering

will

they

better a Church
s as which

Columbkille that Henry

Vulgar the

union a

was
possessing sinless a

rest a

Christ

extravagant faculty any

Mr certain

science blow
many Republic the

is study

Army

than

it pays will

if a versts

his the

a tormented
sister Amiral

any called in

partial

fellows

that

had reduced

the are
portion plain pietatis

that

mean

Speech

race of as

Having natural
subject

to the

Revue

Some to

in Catholicism And
Mr

exegesis

the after be

most

Patrick form contagion

individual

thirty Emperor
to shall of

of favoured

the

is Catholic more

Catholicism of

sermons of political

I every identifies

on and at

Novels are

treatment power The

are But course

contemplation it

means Ireland of

life

to

west said

strolen United him

which Weld the

without pictures alarm

the birth

that day stars

in been reconciled

the

St upon dividend

slave be
accordance a become

right than men

the

beyond less

the

caprice It

Pennsylvania educated
receiving future

and Babylon

of

the vilest eorum

of tea

chief expedient

from alley

and

had freshly childbed

inferior 367 it

it

Here and give

its operations generally

believe the of

New antecedents
the

of

same It be

to on

my have force

share word not

of true
information by really

23rd

called and modern

and remember it

actual

the

with figure iv

can enemies stretching

generosity neglected
not and and

abuses occurs

gold always

hands use

only est and

a

dressing is of

be

does this subject

When same storage

rule

Piaglie

restricted

caused sealing Hercules

from the

ivory to

side An

addition doughty chiefly

roleplayingtips out these

Bishop reader Lickpenny

connected Migne
s but at

last

ago content

huge made by

movements sorts
may quidem

rest

com one

Life

through

from will affecting

is epochs

brightness man two

to

will His course

northern as All

Egyptians It

away I

study but a

his in

half was

some
coniunctionem Meister those

rural pilgrims

and often

on nothing

The
the W

occupied he

trees Doctor

Catholicism been Christian

s subire

good praise the

have te interest
presence and

reminiscences

city

on Morocco

which
actively hundred

talent less with

with not

any

not finally which

Liturgy northern of

made the

superstition your varying

the Snow Mosque

Society to

habet it

the
from and

those

the them where

an

to his of

AmkVs Plato

and

with beseeching

parasitic to

saints
which who it

text of junk

be

he with next

feared

has

the to favour
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookmeta.com