Japanese Regime
During World War II
December 8, 1941 Japan invaded the Philippines Pampanga Nichols Fields Manila Lingayen Gulf December 25, 1941 Gen. Douglas MacArthur declared Manila as an Open City.
(on the advice of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its destruction.)
January 2, 1942 Japanese occupied Manila. April 9, 1942 US and Filipino defendants in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese.
By then, MacArthur escaped to Corregidor. (I Shall Return)
76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the Death March to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. 10,000 prisoners died due to hunger, exhaustion and thirst.
The Huks
An organization called Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon or HUKBALAHAP then later called "The Huks" during the whole period between 1945 and 1952.
Luis Taruc was the leader
Castro Alejandrino was his right hand And the members was simply called huks.
Farmers of Pampanga banded together ad created local bridges for their Protection (Taruc, Feleo, Alejandrino)
In February 1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija the farmers held a meeting upon agreeing to fight the Japanese as a unified Guerilla Army.
The Philippine Executive Commission
Established on January 23, 1942
Philippine Executive Commission
Chairperson: Jorge Vargas Department Heads: Interior: Benigno Aquino Sr. Finance: Antonio delas Alas Justice: Jose P. Laurel Education, Health, and Public Welfare: Claro Recto Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Jose Yulo
New Constitution
Was meant to be effect only temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos Noticeably lacked a bill of rights
Contained 12 articles lifted from 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese
The Second Republic
The Second Republic
September 20, 1943 KALIBAPI held a party convention. Election of 54 members of National Assembly
Assembly was made by 108 members of but half of this number was compose of incumbent governors and city mayors. President: Jose P. Laurel
Vice- President: Benigno Aquino Sr. Ramon Anancena
Benigno Aquino Sr.
Jose P. Laurel
Inaguration: October 14, 1943
On the front steps of the Legislative Building in Manila; Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played.
On the other hand,
Japanese started using propaganda to gain trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them Giant posters were hung with slogans as the Philippines belong to the Filipinos Newspapers, media, movies, and others publicized the same idea
Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main objectives of the KALIBAPI, but the Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
Return of General MacArthur
October 20, 1944; Leyte
Gen. MacArthur: I have Returned
October 23-26, 1944 Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf Almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet Signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese
Mid- December American reached Mindoro Japanese secured other areas
January 9, 1945 US Liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in MNL, mobilized his kamikazes but they failed to stop the Americans
December 8, 1944 President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefield stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan
It took 3 weeks of intense fighting before Japanese finally surrendered on February 23, 1945 Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the country
Proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945
Reference:
http://www.philippine-history.org/japanese-occupation.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbalahap
