Defining Leadership
Leadership
Leadership;
Example
of leaders;
Conventional Examples of Strong
Leaders
Components
A process
of influence;
Sanctioned
Leaders
and followers;
Voluntary
Goal
influence;
surrender control
oriented context
Leadership v.s. management
Leadership
is a managerial task;
Management is leadership applied to business
situations;
an effective manager should possess leadership
skills, and an effective leader should
demonstrate management skills.
Management
involves power by position.
Leadership involves power by influence.
managers concerned themselves with tasks
while leaders concerned themselves with
people.
Managers Versus Leaders
Managers
Are appointed to their position
Can influence people only to
the extent of the formal
authority of their position
Do not necessarily have the
skills and capabilities to be
leaders
Leaders
Are appointed or emerge
from within a work group
Can influence other
people and have
managerial authority
Do not necessarily have
the skills and capabilities
to be managers
Leadership is the process of influencing a
group toward the achievement of goals.
Definition
The
use of noncoercive influence to direct and
coordinate the activities of the members of an
organized group toward the accomplishment of
group objectives
The process
The importance
Goal-directed
Generating
functions
and maintaining the required
effort;
Directing and coordinating the effort;
Attracting new followers;
Symbolic
function
Representing
Focal
the group or organization;
point
Heroic, large-than-life value
The transactional model
Three forces
Followers
Interaction
Situation
leader
and exchange between;
Leadership
Questions
Who do you consider leaders in your
school?
What do you think makes someone an
effective leader? Which of those qualities do you
have?
Factors Affecting
Leadership Style
Leadership style
The
way in which a leader uses
power to lead others determines
his or her leadership style.
Types of Leadership Style
Autocratic:
Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone
else
High degree of dependency on the leader
Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
May be valuable in some types of business where
decisions need to be made quickly and decisively
Authoritarian (autocratic)
Decision
maker?
Consulting employees?
Question: How might an autocratic
sales manager do with quota?
Types of Leadership Style
Democratic:
Encourages
decision making
from different perspectives leadership may be
emphasised throughout
the organisation
Types of Leadership Style
Democratic:
May
help motivation and involvement
Workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
Can delay decision making
Participative (democratic)
Decision
maker?
Consulting employees?
E.g. How will a democratic sales
manager do with quota?
Types of Leadership Style
Laissez-Faire (free rein) :
The leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
Relies on good team work
Relies on good interpersonal relations
free rein
Decision
maker?
Analysis
Make
an analysis of the former
CEOs of AT&T. What are their
leadership styles? Why do they take
such a style?
Four factors affect leadership style
people
the
job
management support
personal characteristics
People
The performance levels & expectations
Employees with high
Employees with low
expectations
expectations
Work-centered;
People-centered
Autocratic
Democratic
Close
To work on their
supervision
own
people
How
to motivate people?
Satisfy the need of people with
different kinds of leadership
style
Hierarchy of need
--Abraham maslow
Pursue inner talent
Achievement
mastery
recognition
respect
self-actualization
Self-esteem
Friends family
spouse lover
belonging-love
Security stability
freedom from fear
safety
physiological
Food water shelter
warmth
people
Different
kind of motivation
Question
But
how about when your
employees have various
needs?
The
job
Compare:
which leadership style is
more efficient, democratic or
autocratic?
Urgent or not
Analysis or coordination;
Uncertainty or certainty
Management Support
The
reward system
The approval and support of
higher management
The Reward System
Short-run
reward system authoritarian
leadership
Long-run reward systemmore
democratic leadership
Examples :
Koppers corporations incentive program
base on a three-year period performance.
Phillips Petroleums two separate incentive
program.
The approval and support
of higher
management
People-oriented leader
Autocratic
leader
Personal characteristics
Question
What
characteristics should a leader has?
Suggest you are a nonmanagerial
employee what kind of character of the
leader do you like most?
Some important
characteristics
Sincerity
Knowledge
Need
to be accepted
Would you like an insincerity person to
be your leader?
A silent
tongue and true heart are the
most admirable things on earth.
-----proverb
Insincerity is a stumbling block of the
management. An insincerity leader cant
make the job go smoothly.
But sincerity is opposite.
Is a knowledgeable leader
useful?
If
a leader lack of knowledge, is he
competent?
Should a leader is more knowledgeable
than his employees?
Should the leader be lonely?
Many
managers complain about the
loneliness of the leadership.
Summarization
It
s, of course, vital to recognize that no
leadership style is correct, and that style is
always dependent upon the particular
situation, and the nature and culture of the
organization
Question
Which
leadership style is the best one?
When facing extremely easy and extremely
difficult situation, which leadership style is
suitable?
When facing moderately difficult situations?
The History of Leadership
Thought
Ten streams of leadership thought
Personality
Era
Influence Era
Behavior Era
Situation Era
Contingency Era
Ten streams of leadership thought
Transactional
Era
Anti-Leadership Era
Culture Era
Transformational Era
Integrative Era
Personality Era
Leaders
are born, not made.
The qualities essential for leadership could not
be taught.
Research focused on identifying personal
characteristics that differentiated leaders from
nonleaders was unsuccessful.
Influence Era
Leadership
was considered as influence over
others, through power and persuasion.
Behavior Era
Leaders actions
was important
and rewarding of followers
Situation Era
Social
status and group, environmental, and
sociotechnical influences on the leader are
brought into the analysis of leader
effectiveness.
Contingency Era
The
most appropriate leader behavior was
contingent on the situation.
Transactional Era
The
exchange relationship between leader and
members, that is, their agreed-upon roles, rewards,
and interaction, was more fully developed in this era.
Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the
direction of established goals by clarifying role and
task requirements.
Anti-Leadership Era
Authors
questioned whether leaders made a
difference to the performance of organization.
Leaders may be only symbols of organization.
Elements of the leadership could substitute for active
leadership.
Neutralizers and supplements
Culture Era
Leaders
were seen as the creators and
maintainers of an organizations culture.
Transformational Era
The
focus was on how the organizational member was
transformed or changed by the leader.
Leaders
who inspire followers to transcend their
own self-interests for the good of the organization
by clarifying role and task requirements.
Leaders who also are capable of having a
profound and extraordinary effect on their
followers.
Integrative Era
The
streams of leadership thought are coming
together and each major stream will have an
influence on the understanding on leadership
organizations.
