SOLID WASTE

Define solid waste…

 Solid Waste
 All the wastes arising from human and animal
activities that are normally solid and are
discarded as useless or unwanted.
 Can cause odors, fire hazards and windblown
debris
 Air pollution and groundwater contamination
can result from inadequate landfill procedures
 Threat to public health
 Harbor vectors of infectious disease
 Soda cans  Leaves
 PET bottles  plastics
 Kitchen waste  Leftover food
 Refrigerators  Televisions
 Batteries  Cardboards
 paper
 Refuse – includes garbage and rubbish
 Garbage – putrescible waste
 Rubbish – dry non-putrescible material and slowly
decomposable or combustible material
 Trash – bulky waste materials that require
special handling ( old couch, mattress, large
trees, etc)
 Solid waste
 Municipal solid waste is not generally
considered hazardous, but certain types of
commercial or industrial wastes are poisonous,
explosive and dangerous
 Hazardous wastes – transport, processing and
disposal is different from municipal
 Basura- emerged as the most visible
environmental priority in the cities and
municipalities in the country
 Sources and generation

 A filipino generates bet 0.3 to 0.7 kgs of

garbage daily depending on income level.
 Equivalent to 10 million tons per year!!!
 NCR and Southern Tagalog produce the
highest volume of waste
 Issues :
 Inadequate collection vehicles and lack of disposal
sites.
 70 % collected from urban and only 40% from
rural
 Nationally, only 2% is disposed in sanitary landfills
or controlled dumps, 10% composted, the rest is
in open dumps
 RA 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 (ESWMA)
All discarded household, commercial waste,
non-hazardous institutional and industrial
waste, street sweepings, construction
debris, agricultural waste, and other non-
hazardous/non-toxic solid waste
 legislations

RA 9003 Providing for an ecological solid waste management program,

creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives
DAO 98 - 49 Technical guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

DAO 98-50 Adopting the Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria
for Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Facilities
PD 825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of Garbage and Other
Forms of Uncleanliness and for Other Purposes
MC 88-39A Creation of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management
as amended by MC 94-88
AO 93-90 Creating a Project Management Office on solid Waste
Management (PTFWM) under the Presidential Task Force on
Waste Management
 Solid waste management
 Waste management
 Protection of human health and
environment
 Hierarchy:
 Source reduction
 Recycling
 Treatment
 disposal
Impacts of solid waste
on public health
 impacts
 impacts upon air quality (smoke, dust and
persistent foul odors);
 the presence of insects and vermin,
potential vectors for the spread of disease;
 contamination of surface water and
groundwater; and
 impacts upon the overall quality of the
environment.
 Key challenges to
achieve the goals of
Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act
 Strengthen enforcement and
providing better incentives
 Financial incentives for
capital investments
 Imposition of user fees
and tipping fees to
encourage waste
reduction and increase
accountability of service
delivery
 Introduction of standards.
 Build the capacity of the
national and local institutions
 Strategic plans at the national, provincial,
LGU and barangay levels
 National Level – advisory and extension
services
 Local Governments – upgrade technical
and managerial capacity
 Barangays – awareness
Addressing the NIMBY
syndrome
Raising public awareness on
the benefits of proper solid
waste management
Increasing expenditures on
SWM
 Mainstreaming the
utilization of new funding
sources and employing
cost-effective
approaches
 Obtaining reliable information
for national, regional and local
planning
Ensure proper management of
closed dumps and landfills
Protecting the vulnerable
and the underserved
Expanding the coverage
of infectious medical and
hazardous waste
treatment
Municipal solid wastes
 Municipal solid waste
 The most non hazardous solid waste
from a city, town or village that requires
routine or aperiodic collection and
transport to a processing or disposal
site.
 Composed of refuse and trash
 composition
 Residential – food wastes, paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, tin cans, aluminum, ashes, street
leaves, bulky wastes, household hazardous
wastes
 Commercial – paper, cardboard, plastics,
wood, food waste, glass, metals, etc.
 Institutional – same as commercial
 Construction and demolition
Factors affecting volume of solid
waste generation

INCREASING RAPID
POPULATION URBANIZATION
GROWTH RATES

PUBLIC CHANGING
INDIFFERENCE LIFESTYLES

CONSUMPTION PATTERNS
 Composition of municipal wastes
depend on:
 Climate
 Frequency of collection
 Prevalence of home grinders
 Social customs
 Per capita income
 Acceptability of packaged and convenience foods
 Degree of urbanization and industrialization of
the area
MM municipal waste composition

others
9% paper
19%

paper
plastic
metal
plastic garden waste
kitchen waste 17% kitchen waste
42%
others
metal
6%
garden waste
7%
 Integrated Solid Waste Management
Functional Elements of an
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Program
Solid Waste Generation

Waste Handling,
Separation,
Storage and
Processing
at the Source

Collection

Transfer & Processing &

Transport Recovery

Disposal
generation
How are wastes generated??
 generation
 Activities which materials are identified as
no longer of value and are either thrown
away or gathered together for disposal
 Uncontrollable
 Household segregation should be done
 49 % is biodegradable
 42% is recyclable
 Recycling opportunities are not fully
harnessed
 Typical household waste
 Putrescible wastes
 Handling, preparation, cooking and eating of
foods
 Decomposition will lead to development of
offensive odors, and breeding of flies
 Collection

Life cycle of a fly

EGG
garbage is an LARVA
ADULT excellent
feeds on
environment
deposit the egg organic
in a moist material
environment
migration to a dry
loose material
PUPA (sand or soil)
inactive
Cycle takes 7 days to
state
complete
 What to do?
 Provide tightly closed containers for
organic wastes
 Compaction of waste
 Processing within 2 days
 Shredding of waste to promote aerobic
decomposition (heat producing therefore
unattractive to insects)
Waste handling
 Source reduction
 Reduction in the amount and/or toxicity of
waste entering the waste stream
Source reduction
 Waste handling, separation,
storage and processing at source
 Management of wastes until they are
placed in storage containers for collection
 Movement of loaded containers to the
point of collection
 On-site storage is of primary importance
bec. Of public health concerns and
aesthetic considerations.
trashbins
trashbins
collection
Garbage truck
 collection
 Includes not only the gathering of solid wastes and
recyclable materials, but also the transport
 This accounts for almost 50% of the total annual costs
 Collection efficiency in the Philippines is only 40 %
 LGUs are responsible for collection
 Manner and frequency of collection and choice of
equipment depends on the size of roads, density of the
population covered, and affordability
 A quarter of MMS solid waste is not collected
Processing and recovery
Mrf
 Separation, processing and
transformation
 Separated from source and separation of
commingled wastes at Materials Recovery
Facilities, Transfer stations, disposal site
 Processing – separation of bulky items, screens,
manual separation, shredding, separation of
ferrous materials, volume reduction
 Transformation – reduce the volume and weight
of the waste and recover conversion products
and energy.
recyclables
recyclables
 Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

 Produce Less Waste by Practicing the 3 Rs:

 Reduce the amount and toxicity of trash you
discard.
Reuse containers and products; repair what is
broken or give it to someone who can repair it.
Recycle as much as possible, which includes
buying products with recycled content.
 Reduce
 Waste prevention, or "source reduction," means
consuming and throwing away less. It includes:
 purchasing durable, long-lasting goods;
 seeking products and packaging that are as free
of toxics as possible;
 redesigning products to use less raw material in
production, have a longer life, or be used again
after its original use.
 Source reduction actually prevents the
generation of waste in the first place, so it is the
most preferred method of waste management
and goes a long way toward protecting the
environment.
 Reuse
 Reusing items -- by repairing them,
donating them to charity and community
groups, or selling them -- also reduces
waste. Reusing products, when possible,
is even better than recycling because the
item does not need to be reprocessed
before it can be used again.
 Ways to reuse
 Using durable coffee mugs.
 Using cloth napkins or towels.
 Refilling bottles.
 Donating old magazines or surplus equipment.
 Reusing boxes.
 Turning empty jars into containers for leftover
food.
 Purchasing refillable pens and pencils.
 Participating in a paint collection and reuse
program.
 Recycle
 Recycling turns materials that would
otherwise become waste into valuable
resources
 it generates a host of environmental,
financial, and social benefits.
 Materials like glass, metal, plastics, and
paper are collected, separated and sent to
facilities that can process them into new
materials or products.
 Benefits of recycling
 Conserves resources for our children's future.
 Prevents emissions of many greenhouse gases
and water pollutants.
 Saves energy.
 Supplies valuable raw materials to industry.
 Creates jobs.
 Stimulates the development of greener
technologies.
 Reduces the need for new landfills and
incinerators
Transfer and transport
 Transfer and transport
 Transfer of wastes from smaller collection
to larger equipment
 Subsequent transport
 Barges, rail cars, motor vehicles
disposal
 disposal
 Landfill, composting, incineration, anaerobic
digestion
 Residual wastes, combustion residual
 Landfills are engineered facilities and not
dumping areas
 Landfill for solid wastes that cannot be recycled
and of no further use, the residual matter
remaining after solid wastes have been
separated at a MRF, Residual matter remaining
after recovery of conversion products or energy
 Landfill should receive materials which could not
cause damage to the earths mantle
 Report on :
 Recycling options for : aluminum, bottles,
paper, etc.
 Composting….
 Anaerobic digestion
 Landfills, including gas recovery
 Incineration
 Hospital wastes
landfills
 Classifications of landfills
 Open Dump;
 Controlled Dump; and
 Sanitary Landfill.
 Open dumps
 have the lowest initial capital investment
and operating cost of the three basic types
of landfills.
 generally sited in vacant plots of land and
are typically developed in low-lying
marshy lands, often as a means of
reclaiming land for subsequent
development.
However, they have environmental
impacts
Open dumps
 Controlled dump
 A Controlled Dump is a non-engineered disposal
site at which MSW is deposited in accordance
with minimum prescribed standards of site
operation.
 A progression in open dumps, however, not
much capital layout but rather on the operation
and management
 Control over the dumping, surroundings, etc.
 Capital investments are more on the access
roads, drainage, fencing
 control over size of waste emplacement (working) area, with waste
spread and compacted in thin layers in a small working area;
 waste outside of the area being actively worked is covered with
soil/sand/inert material, working area is covered at the end of each
day
 covering and seeding/planting of completed areas;
 supervision of site operations by trained staff;
 no fires permitted on site; and
 organisation of informal waste picking activities with scavenging
controlled by agreeing ‘rules’ with the waste pickers (e.g.
restrictions on location and time allowed following waste deposition,
no disturbance of waste after it has been covered).
 Sanitary landfill
 A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site
designed, constructed, operated and
maintained in a manner that exerts
engineering control over significant
potential environmental impacts arising
from the development and operation of
the facility.
 Regulate leachate and control landfill gas
 clustering
 significant economies of scale, in terms of the efficient
use of a single set of mobile plant and equipment
dedicated to a site, will generally be obtained with a
daily rate of waste input of at least 300 tons per day. On
the basis of an average waste generation rate of 0.5 kg
per capita per day, the ‘minimum’ size of the population
served by the landfill, therefore, should be approximately
600,000;
 smaller served populations are still likely to prove
feasible although the economies of scale achieved will be
somewhat less
 larger served populations may benefit from significant
economies of scale if the landfill facility is able to handle
in excess of 500 tons per day;
 Clustering…
 the location of the regional landfill should be as close as
possible to the center of gravity of the population of the
area served by the landfill in order to minimize the costs
of waste collection and transfer; and
 it is probably economic, in terms of the cost of waste
transfer, to service an area within a radius of 30 km to
40 km of the regional landfill facility or within 1 hour to
1.5 hours travel time of the landfill facility. For haulage
distances in excess of 10 km to 15 km to the regional
landfill, it would be necessary to use transfer stations as
a cost efficient means of minimizing the overall cost of
waste transfer to the landfill.
Hazardous waste
Cleaning Products Indoor Pesticides
•Oven cleaners •Ant sprays and baits
•Drain cleaners •Cockroach sprays and baits
•Wood and metal •Flea repellents and shampoos
cleaners and polishes •Bug sprays
•Toilet cleaners •Houseplant insecticides
•Tub, tile, shower cleaners •Moth repellents
•Bleach (laundry) •Mouse and rat poisons
•Pool chemicals and baits

Automotive Products Workshop/Painting Supplies

•Motor oil •Adhesives and glues
•Fuel additives •Furniture strippers
•Carburetor and fuel •Oil or enamel based paint
injection cleaners •Stains and finishes
•Air conditioning refrigerants •Paint thinners and turpentine
•Starter fluids •Paint strippers and removers
•Automotive batteries •Photographic chemicals
•Transmission and brake fluid •Fixatives and other solvents
•Antifreeze

Lawn and Garden Products Miscellaneous

•Herbicides •Batteries
•Insecticides •Mercury thermostats or
•Fungicides/wood preservatives thermometers
•Fluorescent light bulbs
•Driveway sealer
 What are they??
 Generated by chemical manufacturing
companies, petroleum refineries, paper mills
 Even commercial establishments, dry cleaners,
machine shops, auto repair shops
 They can result to serious illness, injury or even
death, a significant threat to the environment
when improperly stored, transported, or
disposed of
 definition
 “cause or significantly contribute to an
increase in mortality or an increase in
serious irreversible, or incapacitating
reversible illness; or pose a substantial
present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when
improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise
managed”…….whew!!!
 Primary characteristics
 Toxic
 Reactive
 Ignitive
 corrosive
 Toxic wastes
 Poisons
 Mostly generated by industrial activities
(manufacture of paints, metals etc)
 Examples: arsenic, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, chlordane, chloroform,
endrin, lead, mercury, silver
 Reactive wastes – unstable and tend to react
vigorously with air, water, and other substances.
Can cause explosions or form harmful vapors
and fumes
 Ignitable wastes – burn at relatively low
temperature and are capable of spontaneous
combustion (immediate fire hazard), ex. Oils n
solvnts
 Corrosive wastes – strong alkaline or acidic
substances, destroy materials and living tissue
by chem rxn. pH indicator
 Dry latex paint

Paint can contain many different compounds. The environmental

problems presented by these compounds vary depending on whether
the paint is oil-based or latex-based. Some paint contains toxic
ingredients that can pollute groundwater, such as petrochemicals, alkyd
solvents, and acrylic or vinyl resins. Older paints may contain mercury
and lead, which were banned in the 1960s.
 Dry latex paint can be
thrown away with the
regular trash. Latex or oil-
based paint that is still
usable can be recycled.
Latex paints are more
environmentally friendly
than oil-based paints. If
you're looking for
alternatives, nontoxic
paints are also available,
though they tend to be
more expensive than
traditional paints.
 Motor oil

Every year, people who change their own oil dispose of an estimated
400 million gallons of used motor oil improperly. Because it contains
high levels of lead and hydrocarbons, used motor oil is highly toxic.
When improperly disposed of, the oil can poison plants and wildlife
and seep into groundwater. One quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000
gallons of drinking water.
 The safest way to
dispose of motor oil is
to recycle it.
Unfortunately, short
of switching to
electric cars, there are
no alternatives to
motor oil.
pesticides
 These chemicals are dangerous to
people and animals when
ingested, inhaled, or absorbed
through the skin
 Pesticide should be disposed of
with hazardous waste.
Insecticidal soaps, are nontoxic;
they dehydrate insects by
penetrating their membranes.
Another alternative is the
microscopic remains of fossilized
algae-like plants, which lacerates
insects' waxy coatings and causes
them to dehydrate.
 Prescription drugs

Prescription drugs contain a wide variety of compounds that are

intended for human consumption. In small quantities, the greatest
danger stemming from their disposal is the risk that they will fall into
the hands of someone other than the person for whom they were
prescribed.
 Prescription drugs should
be washed down the
drain with a bit of water.
There is no catch-all
alternative to prescription
drugs, but maintaining a
healthy lifestyle can help.
The less need there is for
such drugs, the greater
the savings in the raw
materials, energy, and
packaging involved in
their production.
 Drain cleaners

Chemical drain cleaners are extremely dangerous products. Their harsh

materials, chlorine bleaches, or sulfuric and hydrochloric acids can
cause chemical burns. In the course of their use, these chemicals enter
our wastewater stream. Unused cleaner may find its way into a landfill
where it contributes to toxic leachate, the poisoned runoff from landfills.
 Drain cleaner should be
disposed of with
hazardous waste. For an
alternative to the harsh
chemicals used in most
drain cleaners, you could
try enzyme-based
products, which can
break down grease and
food and prevent clogs
from forming. Mechanical
alternatives such as
plungers, "snakes," and
manual pumps are also
effective and
environmentally friendly
alternatives.
 Light bulbs

Because they are made up of mixed materials, light

bulbs are difficult to dispose of in an environmentally
friendly way. Incandescent light bulbs--the type used in
most homes--are also environmentally unfriendly
because of their high rate of energy consumption.
 batteries

A typical zinc-carbon battery may contain such hazardous

heavy metals as zinc, manganese, lithium, nickel,
cadmium, and mercury. In addition, the manufacture of
batteries consumes a great deal of energy and produces
considerable pollution.
 Batteries are recycled in a few
communities, but should
normally be treated as
hazardous waste. Buying
rechargeable batteries can
eliminate the need for disposal
altogether. By using a home
charging station, you can use
these batteries again and
again. Solar battery chargers
are also available; by using
one of these, you would be
helping to reduce electricity
use, along with the pollution
that powerplants produce
 Air fresheners

Air fresheners work by chemically "disguising" odors. Many

of these products contain petrochemicals and ozone-
depleting compounds. In addition, because they are
designed to look attractive, many air fresheners come with
excess packaging.
 Air freshener should be
disposed of with
hazardous waste. There
are many nontoxic
alternatives, including
herbs and spices or
commercial air freshener
made with natural
ingredients. Open dishes
of baking soda can
absorb odors as well.
 Household cleaners and
alternatives
type Alternative

Drain Use a plunger or plumber's snake.

cleaner

Oven Clean spills as soon as the oven cools using steel wool and baking soda; for tough
cleaner stains, add salt (do not use this method in self-cleaning or continuous-cleaning
ovens).

Glass Mix 1 tablespoon of vinegar or lemon juice in 1 quart of water. Spray on and use
cleaner newspaper to wipe dry.
Toilet Use a toilet brush and baking soda or vinegar. (This will clean but not disinfect.)
bowl
cleaner

Furniture Mix 1 teaspoon of lemon juice in 1 pint of mineral or vegetable oil, and wipe furniture.
polish

Rug Deodorize dry carpets by sprinkling liberally with baking soda. Wait at least 15 minutes and vacuum.
deodorize Repeat if necessary.
r

Silver Boil 2 to 3 inches of water in a shallow pan with 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoon of baking soda, and a
polish sheet of aluminum foil. Totally submerge silver and boil for 2 to 3 more minutes. Wipe away tarnish.
Repeat if necessary. (Do not use this method on antique silver knives. The blade will separate from
the handle.) Another alternative is to use nonabrasive toothpaste.
Plant Wipe leaves with mild soap and water; rinse.
sprays

Mothballs Use cedar chips, lavender flowers, rosemary, mint, or white peppercorns.

Flea and Put brewer's yeast or garlic in your pet's food; sprinkle fennel, rue, rosemary,
tick or eucalyptus seeds or leaves around animal sleeping areas.
products
Mercury balls
Improper lining
 For submission (individual)

 Remediation technologies:
 For treatment of wastes, pollution, etc.(not confined to solid
waste, can be waste water, air, ground water, etc)
 Please submit topic for checking
 Format:
 Background information
 Discussion of technology (site actual cases )
 Recommendations (other than that of the actual)
 Analyze your submission: asking the question: if this report will
be submitted to you, would you be satisfied, does it answer all
the questions you want to know, etc.
 Due a week before finals ( hard and soft copy)
 Will be equivalent to one quiz
What is so scary about
solid waste???