American Occupation of the Philippines
Madamba
Pena
Readings in Philippine History
AY 2018-2019
Treaty of Paris 1898
General Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the Philippines, in 1897
agreed to exile in Hong Kong in exchange for 400,000 pesos from the Spanish
government. Rather than ease into an early retirement, the general organized
his fellow expatriates into a revolutionary government in exile known as the
Hong Kong Junta. This council smuggled food, medicine and weapons to its
besieged forces in the Philippines and established diplomatic relations with
Australia, Japan and the U.S. Aguinaldo eventually secured his return to the
Philippines on a U.S. Navy ship, shifting the center of the revolution from its
temporary base in Hong Kong back to its homeland.
US Consul E. Spencer Pratt met with Aguinaldo during his visit and promised him the
independence of the Philippines in exchange for his assistance in the war against Spain
Pratt arranged to have Aguinaldo return to the Philippines on board a US cruiser to reestablish
himself in Cavite and resume the Philippine revolution
US Commodore George Dewey, in later investigations , asserted that he had not sought
Aguinaldo’s assistance and had actually sailed for Manila without him
Dewey even described Aguinaldo and the Filipinos as pests
Treaty of Paris 1898
- Signed on the 10th of December
- Effective 11 of April 1899
- Marked the end of the Spanish Empire
Treaty of Paris 1898
American delegation members:
- William R. Day (Chairman, former U.S Secretary of State)
- William P. Frye (Senator from Maine)
- Cushman Kellogg Davis (Senator from Minnesota)
- George Gray (Senator from Delware)
- Whitelaw Reid (Former diplomat)
Treaty of Paris 1898
Spanish diplomat members:
- Eugenio Montero Rios
- Buenaventura de Abarzuza
- Jose de Garnica
- Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa Urrutia
- Rafael Cerrero
- Jules Cambon
Treaty of Paris 1898
Felipe Agoncillo (Lawyer)
Representing the First Philippine Republic
Was denied participation
Treaty of Paris 1898
Article I
Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba.And as the island is, upon
its evacuation by Spain, to be occupied by the United States, the United States will, so long as
such occupation shall last, assume and discharge the obligations that may under international
law result from the fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property.
Treaty of Paris 1898
Article II
Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under
Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones.
Treaty of Paris 1898
Article III
Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following
line:
A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of
Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of
Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel of four
degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45']) north latitude, thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree
symbol] 45') north latitude to its intersection with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119
[degree symbol] 35') east of Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119
[degree symbol] 35') east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40') north, thence along the
parallel of latitude of seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40') north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth
(116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north
latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred and
eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning.The United States will pay to Spain the sum of
twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.
Benevolent Assimilation
Benevolent Assimilation
The term Benevolent Assimilation refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a
proclamation by U.S. President William McKinley issued on December 21, 1898. It succinctly stated that "future control,
disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the United States" and that "the military government is
to be to the whole of the ceded territory."[1] The proclamation was issued after Spain was defeated in the Spanish–American
War but before fighting began in the Philippine–American War. Prior to the proclamation, the United States had defeated
Spain during the naval Battle of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898. Subsequently, on June 12, 1898, Emilio Aguinaldo declared
the Philippines independent and established a revolutionary government whose the Filipino revolutionary armed forces
surrounded Manila and the occupying American Army. This created a stand-off between opposing armies that would
erupt in fighting in early 1899.
The White Man’s Burden
The Filipino’s First Bath
Manifest Destiny
On March 23, 1901, with the aid of Macabebe Scouts, led by Gen. Frederick Funston, Aguinaldo was captured in his
headquarters in Palanan, Isabela. One of these forces was led by Gen. Macario Sakay who established the Tagalog Republic.
On April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, formally ending the First Republic and
recognizing the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines
Aguinaldo's Proclamation of
Formal Surrender to the United States
April 19, 1901
To the Filipino People:
I believe that I am not in error in presuming that the unhappy fate to which my adverse fortune has led me is not a surprise to those who
have been familiar day to day with the progress of the war. The lessons thus taught, the full meaning of which has recently come to my
knowledge, suggested to me with irresistible force that the complete termination of hostilities and a lasting peace are not only desirable but
absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippines. The Filipinos have never been dismayed by their weakness, nor have they faltered in
following the path pointed out by their fortitude and courage. The time has come, however, in which they find their advance along the path
impeded by an irresistible force - a force which, while it restrains them, yet enlightens the mind and opens another course by presenting to
them the cause of peace, This cause has been joyfully embraced around glorious and sovereign banner of the United States. In this manner
they repose their trust in the belief that under its protection our people will attain all the promised liberties which they are even now
beginning to enjoy. The country has declared unmistakably in favor of peace; so be it. Enough of blood; enough of tears and desolation.
This wish cannot be ignored by the men still in arms if they are animated by no other desire than to serve this noble people which has clearly
manifested its will. So also do I respect this will now that it is known to me, and after mature deliberation resolutely proclaim to the world
that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families yearning to see their dear
ones in the enjoyment of the liberty promised by the generosity of the great American nation.
By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire Archipelago, as I now do without any
reservations whatsoever, I believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine!
Philippine American War
“6,000 American soldiers had died in the conflict. Meanwhile, close to
20,000 Filipino soldiers had been killed, along with nearly a quarter of a
million Filipino civilians, with famine and disease contributing to the
death toll”
Philippine American War
Philippine American War
Fin.
