• Cardiovascular System also called as Circulatory System is made up of HEART and
BLOOD VESSELS.The two main roles of the cardiovascular system include the
transportation of oxygen, blood cells, water and nutrients around the body to cells and
transporting and removing waste.The cardiovascular system also protects the body from
infection and distributes heat accordingly.
• The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood
vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as
well as assisting in the removal of metabolic wastes.[2] In humans, the heart is located
between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.
• The heart receives blood low in oxygen from the systemic circulation, which enters the
right atrium from the superior and inferior venae cavae and passes to the right ventricle.
From here it is pumped into the pulmonary circulation, through the lungs where it
receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left
atrium, passes through the left ventricle and is pumped out through the aorta to the
systemic circulation−where the oxygen is used and metabolized to carbon dioxide.[8] The
heart beats at a resting rate close to 72 beats per minute.[9] Exercise temporarily
increases the rate, but lowers resting heart rate in the long term, and is good for heart
health.
In small animal species and in people only two of these sounds can be heard with a
stethoscope. The other two sounds are inaudible in these species but can be
recognized and recorded with suitable electronic equipment. In large animal
species all four heart sounds are often heard when listening with a stethoscope.
• The four normal heart sounds
• S1 (first heart sound)
• S2 (second heart sound)
• S3 (third heart sound)
• S4 (fourth heart sound)
• S1 and S2 are the two sounds that can be heard with a stethoscope in both small
and large animal species.
• The first heart sound, Lub, results from several factors:
• Closure of the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid valves)
• Oscillations of the heart and large vessels due to changes in blood flow as a result
of leaflet closure.
• The second heart sound, dub, defines the end of systole and is associated with closure of the
semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves). S2 is usually clear, sharp, and higher in pitch than
S1.
• The time interval between S1 and S2 is when the ventricles contracts called systole.
• The interval between S2 and the next S1 is when the ventricles relax and are filled with
blood called diastole.
• The third heart sound (S3) is not normally heard with a stethoscope in dogs, cats, or rodents.
This sound occurs during rapid filling of the ventricles (early diastole).
• S4 is also known as an “atrial contraction” sound, atrial contraction occurs in late diastole, the
fourth heart sound, if audible, is heard immediately before S1.
• Heart sounds are located in four different side on the chest wall which
corresponds to the location of blood flow as it passes through the:
• AORTIC AREA (2nd right intercostal space)
• PULMONIC AREA (2nd left intercostal space)
• TRICUSPIC AREA (4th left intercostal space)
• MITRAL AREA (5th left intercostal space) or midclavicular
• Heart murmurs - are whooshing sounds produce by turbulent flow of blood.
• Plasma is the liquid portion of your blood. Plasma is yellowish in color
and is made up mostly of water, but it also contains proteins, sugars,
hormones and salts. It transports water and nutrients to your body’s tissues.
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• The lymphatic system primarily consists of lymphatic vessels, which are similar to
the veins and capillaries of the circulatory system. The vessels are connected to lymph
nodes, where the lymph is filtered. The tonsils, adenoids, spleen and thymus are all part of
the lymphatic system.
• Tonsils are large clusters of lymphatic cells found in the pharynx.
• They are the body's "first line of defense as part of the immune system. They
sample bacteria and viruses that enter the body through the mouth or nose
