ETIKA RISET PENELITIAN
KESEHATAN
(isnaeni DTN)
1
TUJUAN PERKULIAHAN;
MEMAHAMI
KONSEP ETIK PENELITIAN
PRINSIP ETIK DALAM
PENELITIAN KES
MEMAHAMI PRINSIP- ETIK
DALAM PENELITIAN
MAMPU MENYIAPKAN
PEROLEHAN INFORMED
CONSENT
PRINSIP ETIK PADA
HEWAN COBA
PENULISAN KARANGAN
ILMIAH
PENDAHULUAN
Pergeseran IPTEK & sarana penunjang
(Dana/Alat )
Dasar Manusia Peningkatan Ilmu
Pengetahuan
Peningkatan jml & mutu Penelitian Kes.
Makin >> Ilmuwan & Lembaga Ilmiah
Melaksanakan Penelitian Kesehatan
Pe>> Jumlah manusia yang terlibat sbg
peneliti & sebagai subjek (responden)
KAJI PENELITIAN KESEHATAN
Penelitian KLINIK di RS & Masy . & di
Lapangan
Manusia sbg Subjek : punya
pikiran, kemauan , harkat & martabat,
otonomi & privacy yg harus dihormati
Sehingga Tidak boleh >< dgn ETIKA
Perlu Persetujuan
(Ethical clearance/Ethical Approval)
dari Komisi Etik (ETHICS COMMITTEE)
Medis/Keperawatan setempat
(Syarat publikasi)
Expertise
Diligent
Honesty
Integrity
(Burn Grove,
1997)
HISTORY OF UNETHICAL RESEARCH STUDIES
IN USA (Wood, Haber, 2006)
1 “DOCTOR TRIAL” (nazi medical experiment 1933-1945):
The Nazi regime included sterilization, euthanasia
numerous medical experiments to produce a
population of racially (No protection human subject:
dignity & safety or respect for person)
2. Hyman vs. Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Case (1965)
Doctor Injected Cancer-ridden aged & senile patients with
their own cancer cells to study the rejection response:
INFORMED CONSENT was not obtines & no indication
that the study had been riviewed & approved by
ethics committee) ethic at principle violated: .
3. Wllobrook hospital (1972) Focus study: Mentally
Incompetent : n= 350)
In study examining the natural history of infectious
hepatitis & effect of gamma globulin (Principle of
voluntary consent was violated : parent coerced to
consent to their clidren’s participation as research
subject)
4. Tuskegee Syphilis Study1932 – US Public
Health Service
initiated a study of syphilis in black men in
the small rural town of Tuskegee,
Alabama .Cont’d for 40 years (to1962)
To determine the course of syphilis in the
adult black male
2 groups: n = 400 untreated syphilis
(treatment group) n = 200 without syphilis
(control group)
Consent – participants not informed about
the purpose and procedures
Deliberate steps to keep subjects from
receiving treatment
No effort to stop the study
MENGAPA PENELITIAN PERLU
ETIK?
NUREMBERG CODE (1974)
Menjaga integritas penelitian, kondisi melaks
penelitian yg etis, menekankan persetujuan
(voluntary consent)
THE DECLARATION OF HELSINKI (1964): World
Association Fundamental Intern. direvisi 5x
terakhir thn 2000
UN DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (1948)
No one shall be subjected without this free Consent to
medical/scientifific Exepriment
Operational Guidelines for Ethics Comitees that
Riview Biomedical Research (WHO, 2010)
Procedure Mendirikan & mengoperasikan KEPK
lembaga/wilayah
NATIONAL ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH AND
HEALTH-RELATED RESEARCH 2017
Referensi
Standards and Operational Guidance
for Ethics Review of Health-Related
Research with Human Participants
World Health Organization 2011
International Ethical Guidelines for
Health-related Research Involving
Humans Prepared by the Council for
International Organizations of Medical
Sciences (CIOMS) in collaboration with
the World Health Organization (WHO)
Geneva 2016
NATIONAL ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR
HEALTH AND HEALTH-RELATED
International Ethical Guidelines for Health-related
Research Involving Humans (CIOM, 2017)
CONTENT
GUIDELINE 1: SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIAL VALUE AND RESPECT
FOR RIGHT.. 1
GUIDELINE 2: RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN LOW-RESOURCE
SETTINGS ..... 3
GUIDELINE 3: EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS AND
BURDENS IN THE SELECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
OF PARTICIPANTS IN RESEARCH .......................................... 7
GUIDELINE 4: POTENTIAL INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS AND RISKS
OF RESEARCH.. 9
GUIDELINE 5: CHOICE OF CONTROL IN CLINICAL TRIALS....15
GUIDELINE 6: CARING FOR PARTICIPANTS’
HEALTH NEEDS.........21
GUIDELINE 7: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ........25
GUIDELINE 8: COLLABORATIVE PARTNERSHIP AND CAPACITY-
BUILDING FOR RESEARCH AND RESEARCH
REVIEW ........................................................................... 29
CONTS.......
GUIDELINE 9: INDIVIDUALS CAPABLE OF GIVING INFORMED
CONSENT.. .................................................33
GUIDELINE 10: MODIFICATIONS AND WAIVERS OF INFORMED
CONSENT........................................... 37
GUIDELINE 11: COLLECTION, STORAGE AND USE OF
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND RELATE DATA...............41
GUIDELINE 12: COLLECTION, STORAGE AND USE OF DATA IN
HEALTHRE LATED RESEARCH ........................47
GUIDELINE 13: REIMBURSEMENT AND COMPENSATION FOR
RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS .................................................................... 53
GUIDELINE 14: TREATMENT AND COMPENSATION FOR
RESEARCHRELATEDHARMS ....................................................................55
GUIDELINE15: RESEARCH INVOLVING VULNERABLE PERSONS
AND GROUPS.............................................................................................57
GUIDELINE 16: RESEARCH INVOLVING ADULTS INCAPABLE OF
GIVING INFORMED CONSENT .....................................................61
CONTENT ...........
GUIDELINE 17: RESEARCH INVOLVING CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS ........65
GUIDELINE 18: WOMEN AS RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS ............
69
GUIDELINE 19: PREGNANT AND BREASTFEEDING WOMEN AS
RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS ....................................................................71
GUIDELINE 20: RESEARCH IN DISASTERS AND DISEASE
OUTBREAKS....75
GUIDELINE 21: CLUSTER RANDOMIZED TRIALS ........................... 79
GUIDELINE 22: USE OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE ONLINE
ENVIRONMENT AND DIGITAL TOOLS IN HEALTH-RELATED
RESEARCH ........... 83
GUIDELINE 23: REQUIREMENTS FOR ESTABLISHING
RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES AND FOR THEIR REVIEW
OF PROTOCOLS ................................87
GUIDELINE 24: PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY FOR HEALTH-
RELATED RESEARCH .....91
ETIKA DALAM PENELITIAN
Etika: norma/standar perilaku yg menjadi pedoman
moral perilaku hubungannya dg orang lain
Tujuan Etika dlm penelitian: menjamin agar tidak
ada seseorang yg dirugikan atau mendapat
dampak negatif dari kegiatan penelitian.
COOPER & EMORY (1996) kegiatan penel. tidak
etis :
pelanggaran persetujuan tentang kerahasiaan
Menyajikan hasil dan temuan penelitian orang
lain
Menipu orang
Menagih biaya yg tidak wajar
Menghindari tanggung jawab hukum dsb
Research subject
Research participants should expect the
following:
to be the target of beneficence
to experience research justice
to get respect for persons
to have privacy for research participants
to be informed
to be safe from undue danger
(Declaration of Helsinki, 1964)
Subyek Penelitian: Rentan
Wanita hamil, anak-anak, tahanan
Sakit mental
Mereka dengan pendidikan yang
terbatas
Kelompok miskin
Mereka dengan akses pelayanan
kesehatan sulit
Perempuan dalam beberapa keadaan
Pekerja sex
HUBUNGAN PENELITI & RESPONDEN
◊ Responden/informan Punya HAK yang
dikurangi oleh peneliti
◊ Responden perlu memberikan “informed
consent” kepada peneliti
◊ Peneliti perlu meminimkan pengurangan
hak responden saat mengambil infomasi
◊ Peneliti memberikan penghargan/
kompensasi kpd informan atas pengurangan
hak2 individu akibat pengambilan informasi
KERUGIAN INFORMAN AKIBAT
PENGAMBILAN INFORMASI
Hilangnya waktu
Berkurangnya kegiatan
Hilangnya “privacy”
Timbulnya rasa tidak
nyaman atau rasa sakit,
bila peneliti melakukan
invasi.
dsb
TIGA PEDOMAN ETIK
TERHADAP RESPONDEN
Saat pengumpulan data PENELITI
menjelaskan kpd responden manfaat
yg diharapkan dari penelitian
Menjelaskan bahwa hak- haknya &
kesejahteraan dilindungi secukupnya
dan dengan cara yang manusiawi
(nyaman)
Memastikan bahwa pewawancara
mendapat persetujuan dari responden
(Sulivan & Russel,
1989)
The basic principles of research ethics
Each of these basic principles of research
ethics is discussed in turn:
PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising
the risk of harm
PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed con
sent
PRINCIPLE THREE: Protecting anonymity
and confidentiality
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive pra
ctices
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right to
Ethical Principles in Research
The principles of respect
for human dignity
(hormat)
The principles of
beneficence (baik)
The principles of justice
(adil)
(Belmont Report)
The principle of respect for
human dignity
Respect for human Penghormatan atas
dignity includes martabat manusia
n The right to self termasuk
determination are n Hak untuk menentukan
nasib sendiri adalah dua
the two major elemen utama
elements n Hak pengungkapan
n The right to full penuh
disclosure melaui informed
on which informed consent
consent
is based
Principle of Respect For
Human Dignity
Free and Informed Consent
Informed consent – participants have
adequate information
comprehend the
research
power of free choice
enable voluntary
participation
Consent Forms – what should a consent
include?
Implied Consent – define?
Principle of Respect for Privacy
and Confidentiality
Anonymity – exists only if the
subjects identity cannot be linked
even by the researcher
Based on the right to privacy, subject
has the right to anonymity and the
right to assume that the data
collected will be kept confidential
Confidentiality – is the researcher’s
management of private information
shared by the subject
Identification numbers
The principle of beneficence
(Prinsip kebaikan)
v Freedom from harm Kebebasan dari bahaya
Kebebasan dari eksploitasi
v Freedom from exploitation Manfaat dari penelitian
v Benefits from research Rasiorisiko / manfaat
v Manfaat potensial utama
v The risk /benefit ratio bagi peserta
v Major potential benefits to Akses utk intervensi
Peningkatanpengetahuan
participants Keluar dari rutinitas normal
v Access to an intervention vshare informasi dengan
orang lain
v Increased knowledge v Peluang utk
mendiskusikan
v Escape from normal routine masalah
v Share the information with vKeuntungan Moneter Atau
Materi langsung
others
v Chance to discuss their
problems
Principle of Respect for
Justice and Inclusiveness
Justice – fairness and equity
Ethics review process have fair
methods, standards, and procedures
Distributive justice – no one within the
pop’s should be unfairly burdened with
the demands of the research
Fair Treatment includes – see list on
page 83
Maximizing Benefits &
Minimizing Harms
Principle of “Beneficence” – imposes a
duty to benefit others and in research
ethics a duty to maximize benefits
To produce benefits to society as a
whole, subjects themselves, other
individuals in society, advancement of
knowledge
Principle of “Nonmaleficence” – the duty
to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to
others
Participants not subject to unecessary
risks of harms – terminate, no
consequences if the participant
withdraws
There are a number of types of
harm
These include:
Physical harm to participants.
Psychological distress and discomfort.
Social disadvantage.
Harm to participants? financial status.
An invasion of participants? privacy
and anonymity.
Principle of Balancing Harms and
Benefits
Based on the principle of beneficence
One should do good and above all do
no harm
Freedom from harm, freedom from
exploitation, risk-benefit ratio
Risk-benefit ratio:
consider how comfortable you would
feel having family members participate
in the study
Would be comfortable
Benefit to society and the nursing
profession
PENELITIAN EKSPERIMEN
& ETIKA
Penelitian eksperimen, kelp. eksperimen
memperoleh manfaat/keuntungan dari
eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh peneliti.
Sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak
memperoleh keuntungan yang sama.
Oleh sebab itu, setelah pengumpulan data
pasca intervensi (post test), perlakukan
yang sama diberikan spt pada kelompok
kontrol.
Bila tidak, maka terhadap kelompok
kontrol perlu diberikan manfaat yg lain.
PENGHARGAAN or KOMPENSASI
(Inducement)
Sebagai konsekuensi kerugian dari
responden/informan, maka peneliti
seyogyanya:
◦ Memberikan pengahargaan dalam
berbagai bentuk
◦ Memberikan kompensasi dalam
berbagai bentuk
ETHICAL CODES & REGULATION
1. The selection on the study purpose
Design
Methodes of measurement &
subject
2. The collection and analysis of
data
3. The interpretation of result study
4. The publication of the study
(Burns, Grove,
1997)
1. Risk subject are minimized by sound research
procedures that not expose subjects to risk
unnecessarily.
2. The anticipated benefits to subjects should
outweigh the risk to the subjects & knowledge
3. The Rights and Welfare of the subjects are
adequately protected
4. The activity will be periodically reviewed by IRB
5. Informed Consent has been obtained and
appropriately documented. (Dempsey &
Dempsey, 1996
Basical: Declaration Helsinki, ’64 &
32
1. Right to self determination
Based on the ethical principle
of respect for person
Subject have rights to
withdraw a study at anytime
for penalty
2. Right to privacy & dignity
Freedom to determine the time
Privat information (attitude,
belief, behavior, opion stc)
informed consent
33
Lanjutan….
3. Right to anonymity &
confidientiality anominity:
identity cannot be un agree
Confidientity screet
information
4. Right to fair treatment base
ethical principle of justice.
People should be treated
fairly (included selection of
study)
5. Right to protection from
INFORMED CONSENT
is a process for getting permission before
conducting a healthcare intervention on a
person. A health care provider may ask a
patient to consent to receive therapy before
providing it, or a clinical researcher may ask a
research participant before enrolling that
person into a clinical trial
Berikan informasi lengkap tentang tujuan
penelitian yang akan dilakukan
Mempunyai hak untuk bebas berpartisipasi
atau menolak menjadi responden.
Pada informed consent juga perlu
dicantumkan bahwa data yang diperoleh
hanya akan dipergunakan untuk
pengembangan ilmu
SIX ESSENSIAL ELEMENT OF INFORMED CONSENT
1. An explanation of purpose of study
2.An Explanation of Potential Risks and
discomfort
3. An Explanation of potential benefits
4.
An Acknowledgement that researcher
will answer any questions the subjects
may have concerning the study
5.
An Acknowledgement that’s subjects
can withdraw at any time
6.
An Assurance of anonymity and
Confidentiality
(Dempsey & Dempsey, 1996)
INFORMED CONSENT
I …… (subject) do agree to participate in a
research/experimental study concerning …. This
project may expose me to ….. Risks and attendant
discomforts. I am aware that ….. Might be
advantageous to me in the treatment of my condition
instead of the experimental treatment.
I may ask any questions about the procedures and
treatments taking place and my questions must be
answered honestly and fully, this research study at
any time without this decision affecting me in any way.
I understand that my responses will be kept confidential
and not linked to me in any way.
---------------------------------- ---------------------------
Name and phone number Signature of subject
Of Investigator
PENGGUNAAN DATA SEKUNDER DALAM
PENELITIAN & ETIK
Informed consent pd penelitian tidak
diperlukan, bila mengambil data yang
telah tersedia di institusi pelayanan
exp:
◦ Rekam medis/status pasien di RS;
Puskes. Poliklinik dsb..
◦ Data sekunder dari kantor Dinas Kes,
Kantor Staistik, dsb
Untuk informasi /data sekuneder
perlu izin penggunaan institusi/lembaga
yang memliliki data tersebut.
PEMANFAATAN BAHAN BIOLOGIK
TERSIMPAN
(BBT)
ARCHIVED BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL)
Penanganan BBT scr teknis mencakup
Pengumpulan, penyimpanan,
pemanfaatan dan pemusnahannya
BBT merupakan Bahan Biologik tersisa &
disimpan setelah kegiatan yang
mebutuhkan dan mengupulkannya
selesai
BBT bisa berupa sisa kegiatan penelitian
Sisa upaya pengobatan (sisa kegiatan
diagnostik (biopsi, tindakan pebedahan,
operasi atau otopsi)
MACAM BBT
BBT ANONYM: tanpa identitas
sehingga tidk dapat
dihubungi kembali
BBT dgn Identitas (Nam No
KTP, RT dsb) sehingga dapat
dihubungi kembali terutaa
bila hasil penelitian
menguntungkan pemeilik
BBT.
SECARA ETIK PEMANFAATAN BBT
Bila telah meperoleh persetujuan etik
melalui kajian etik proposal/protokol
penelitian, karena menjamin:
Kehidupan (life)
Kesehatan (health)
Kesejahteraan (welfare)
Memiliki martabat (dignity)
Keluasaan pribadi (privacy) dari
pemilik BBT
PENGGUNAAN HEWAN
PERCOBAAN
Pertentangan pendapat dan
pandangan ttg percobaan
hewan
Percobaan pd hewan sblm ke
manusian msh diperlukan
Deklarasi Helsinki 11-12
(kesejahteraan hewan)
Konsep 3 R (Reduction,
Replacement & Refinement)
PEMANFAAT HEWAN SECARA
ETIS
DPT DIPERTANGGUNG JAWABKAN
JIKA:
Tujuan penelitian dinilai cukup
bermanfaat
Disain penelitian menjamin bahwa
penelitian akan mencapai tujuan
Tujuan penelitian tidak dapat dicapai
dengan subjek atau prosedur alternatif
Manfaat yang diperoleh Jauh lebih berarti
dibanding dengan penderiataan yang
dialami hewan coba
PRINSIP PEMANFAATAN HEWAN COBA
(Hume & Russel, 1977)
Replecemet
hewan coba tidak digunakan bila
tujuan suatu riset dapat dicapai tanpa
pemanfaatan hewan coba,
(Pemanfaatan ordo serendah
mungkin)
Reduction
jumlah hewan coba yang digunakan
harus diusahakan sesedikit mungkin,
Refinement
upaya memperingan rasa sakit,
Prinsip 5F pada Hewan
Percobaan
Freedom from hunger and thirst (bebas dari
rasa lapar dan haus)
Memberi makanan dan air minum yang
sesuai dan memadai kesehatan hewan
Freedom from discomfort (bebas dari
ketidaknyamanan)
Menyediakan lingkungan yang bersih dan
paling sesuai dengan biologik spesies
Freedom from pain, injury, and disease (bebas
rasa sakit, trauma, dan penyakit)
Program kesehatan, pencegahan penyakit,
pengobatan, dan meminimalkan/ meniadakan
rasa sakit, & pemilihan prosedur,
meminimalkan rasa sakit (non-invasive),
CONT ........
Freedom from fear and distress (bebas ketakutan dan stress
jangka panjang)
Lingkungan dan perlakuan: mencegah/ meminimalkan
timbulnya stress (aspek husbandry, care, penelitian),
memberikan masa adaptasi dan pengkondisian
Freedom to express natural behavior (bebas mengekspresikan
tingkah laku alami)
Pengayaan lingkungan (environmental enrichment), sesuai
karakteristik biologik dan tingkah laku species
Prinsip 5F: diterapkan dalam Standard Operating Procedures
terkait Program Kesehatan (veterinary care) dan Perawatan
Harian (housing dan husbandry).
ETIKA PENELITIAN YG PERLU
DITULISKAN DALAM SUATU PENELITIAN
Rigths to self determination
dg memperoleh Informed
consent
Rights to Anonimity (tanpa
nama)
Rights to Confidentiality
(kerahasiaan)
(Wood& Haber, 2006)
Yang Perlu dituliskan dalam Etika
Penelitian
1. Menghormati (Human Dignity/respect for
person) Subjek, melalui informed consent dimana
melindungi hak:
Rigths to self determination dg memperoleh
Informed consent
Rights to Anonimity (tanpa nama)
Rights to Confidentiality (kerahasiaan)
2. Memperlakukan subjek dengan baik
(memaksimalkan kemanfaatan dan
meminimalkan risiko)
3. Memperlakukan Subjek secara Adil (Justice)
- metode sampling maupun pemberian perlakuan
pada subjek (fair treatment)
Evaluating the Risk/Benefit Ratio of
Research
EvaluatingStudy
the
sampling methods,
consent process,
and outcomes of the
study
Asses Asses
benefits risk
Risk/benefit
ratio
Benefits
Risks outweigh
outweigh
risks
benefits
Potentially Ethical
unethical study
PERLU DI INGAT
JIKA ILMUWAN MENGAMBIL JALAN
PINTAS YG SALAH DGN ALASAN APAPUN
Maka peneliti akan :
∞mempertaruhkan reputasinya
∞ menempatkan kerja koleganya
dlm bahaya
∞ membuat kepercayaan publik
akan Ilmu Pengetahuan dalam
bahaya/menurun
ETIKA PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH
Kutipan atau pernyataan-
pernyataan dalam
makalah/karya tulis (bukan
pendapat pribadi) harus
mencantumkan rujukan yang
akurat.
Rujukan ini kemudian harus
dituliskan dalam daftar
pustaka, yakni bagian akhir
suatu makalah ilmiah
PERBUATAN TERCELA DLM ILMU PENELITIAN
(MISCONDUCT IN SCIENCE)
Semua aspek kejujuran &
kesalahan (honess & error) &
Kesalahan yg disebabkan
oleh kelalaian (negligence)
Kesalahan yg melibatkan
kebohongan (deception)
PERBUATAN TERCELA DLM ILMU PENGETAHUAN
Fabrikasi: mengarang & membuat data hsl penelitian
Falsifikasi:mengubah/salah melaporkan data/hsl
penelitian tmsk pembuangan data yang bertentangan scr
sengaja utk mengubah hasil
Plagiarisme: menggunakan ide atau kata- kata oranglain
tanpamemberikan pengakuan (acknowledgement)
(kredit)
Mis appropriation others ideas: penggunaan informasi
khusus tanpa izin (mis pelanggatran kerahasiaan pd wkt
penelaahan atau riview oleh teman sejawat
Atau praktik lain yg menyimpang yg diterima umum suatu
komunitas ilmiah dlm mengajukan proposal penelitian,
melakukan penelitaian atau melaporkan hasil penelitian
TOP TEN BEHAVIORS OF SCIENTIST
BEHAVING BADLY
1. Falsifikasi dan mengarang data (0.3%)
2. Mengabaikan spek utama kebutuhan ant
mns sbg subjek (0.3%)
3. Tdkmemberikan sbgm mestinya
keterlibatan dlm perusahaan & produknya
didasarkan pd penelitannya (0.3%)
4. Hub dg mhs- subjek penelitian/klien yg bs
diterjemahkan perlu dipertanyakan (1.4%)
5. Penggunaaan ide orang lain tanpa
ijin/tanpa penghargaan(1.4%)
LANJ …
6. Penggunaan tanpa ijin informasi
rahasia dlm kaitannya dg
penelitiannya (1.7%)
7. Gagal menyajikan data yg
bertentangan dg hsl penelitiannya
sendiri sebelumnya (6%)
8. Melewati/mengabaikan aspek minor
tt dlm kebutuhan subjek (7.6%)
9. Tdk melihat penggunaan data case
atau interpretasi data yg
dipetanyakan org lain
10. Mengubah rancangan
metodologi/hasil penelitian sbg
SIX BEHAVIORS OF SCIENTISTS BEHAVING BADLY
(3247 sampel ilmuwan Amerika)
Menerbitkan data/hsl yg sama dlm 2 atau
lebih publikasi (4.7%)
Pemberian kredit penulis yg tidak tepat (10%)
Menyembubyikan rincian metodologi/hasil pd
artikel/proposal (10%)
Menggunakan rancangan penelitian yang tdk
tepat & tdk memadai (13.5%)
Membuang titik pengamatan atau data dari
analisis hanya semata berdasarkan perasaan
bhw data tsb tidk betul (15.3%)
Catatan atau loogbook yang tdk memadai
berkaiatan dg penelitian (27.5%)
1. Hendaknya tidak dipublikasikan untuk kedua
kali
2. Tidak benar satu Makalah Ilmiah dipublikasikan
dalam majalah yang berbeda
3. Bila Makalah sudah dipublikasikan, ingin
dipublikasikan harus Ada ijin tertulis dari
majalah tsb.
4. Bila Makalah sudah pernah diwakan dlm
konggres, & mau dipublikasikan harus ada ijin
panitia.
5. Kurang etis memisah- misah satu kesatuan
karya ilmiah
1. Kurang etis satu makalah disusun dalam
beberapa makalah
6. Kurang Etis Hasil penelitian orang lain
ditampilkan tanpa mengikutsertakan ybs.
63
7. Bila mengambil data, grafik, gambar hasil karya
tugas
Buatlah/susun Naskah Informed
Consent
Buatlah/Susun Form Informed
Consent
Untuk subjek dewasa
IC Wali (subek Anak2, ggn jiwa
dll)
Latihan: Masukkan Protokol
Penelitian untuk pengajuan Etical
SUKSES
