Preparation for

final exams
Teacher: Andrea Faría
 Unit 9: Causatives
1 Active structure:
Subject + Have / Get + Agent + Verb in base/infinitive form + Object
I have a hairdresser cut my hair
I got my brother to fix my laptop

2 Passive structure:
Subject + Have / Get + Object + Verb (past participle) + At/By (optional)
I have my teeth cleaned (by a dentist)
I got my homework done (by a friend)
• When to use Have and when to use Get.
• When to use infinitive and when to use the base form.
• Where the tense is placed.
• Is At/By important?
 Unit 9: Making suggestions
• Preposition + Gerund
What about joining a running club?
Have you thought about asking your friends to introduce you around?
• Modal verb + Base form
Maybe you could take part in a singing group.
• Negative question + Base form
Why don’t you do some volunteer work?
• Be + Infinitive
One option is to join a club.
It might be a good idea to check out the cultural events at the university.
 Unit 10: Past time expressions
• For: “How long?”; periods of time.
I stayed there for 3 months.
• Since: “When did it start?”. Only with perfect tenses (present and past).
I’ve been living with them since 2015.
• In: Event in a specific point in time.
They got married in 1990.
• During: Event that lasted the entirety of a period; period inside of a period.
TikTok became pretty popular during this pandemic.
• From – To: Mark the starting and ending points.
This cycle lasted from April 7th to May 29th.
• Ago: Tells how far in the past something happened. Only past simple.
They got divorced five years ago.
 Unit 10: Future tenses with Will
Voluntary actions: I’ll call you when I get home.
Future simple:
Predictions: By 2030, cellphones will be flexible.

An action at an specific We will be living in Mars in

time in the future: the year 2060.
Future continuous:
A future plan: They will be flying at this time
tomorrow.

Things that will be

finished before Within the next 2 hours, the class
Future perfect: will have finished.
certain time:
 Unit 11: Time Clauses
Time word Time clause Main clause Example
tense tense
Once ¨Once he arrived to Germany, he started working¨
As soon as ¨As soon as he started working, he made great friends
Simple past at work¨
The moment ¨The moment he left his home, he felt homesick¨
Before Simple past Past ¨Before he even arrived to Germany, he had already
Simple past perfect taken German lessons¨
By the time ¨By the time he turned 30, he had found his true love¨
Until Past perfect ¨Until he met her, he had never fallen in love¨
After Simple past Simple past ¨After they had moved in together, he decided to
Past perfect propose¨
 Unit 11: Expressing regret
With Should Have:
Should (Not) Have + Past participle
I should have told my mom I loved her this morning.
I shouldn’t have stayed mad at my best friend for so long.

With Third Conditional:

If + Past perfect, Would (Not) Have +Past participle
If I had won the lottery last year, I would’ve bought a sportscar.
If I hadn’t fallen in love, I wouldn’t have done all of that crazy stuff.
 Unit 12: Expressing purpose
• To + Verb in base form
To be successful, a restaurant should have a creative menu.
• In order to + Verb in base form
In order to succeed, a restaurant must offer reasonable prices.
• For + Noun + Infinitive
For a restaurant to be successful, it ought to invest a lot in advertising.
• In order for + Noun + Infinitive
In order for a restaurant to succeed, it has to have a good location.
 Unit 12: Expressing reason
Connector Must be followed Can it be put at the Example
by.. beginning and in the
middle?
Because Noun + Verb Yes Because it was raining too much, I didn’t
go out.
Since Noun + Verb Yes Since he needs to work remotely, he
decided he will buy the laptop.
Because of Noun / Noun Yes I passed the exam because of my hard
phrase work
Due to Noun / Noun Yes I failed the exam due to personal problems
phrase
For Noun / Noun No, only in the Michael Jackson was known for his unique
phrase middle. style
The reason Noun + Verb No, only at the The reason why I like to go there is that
why/that beginning. it’s very quiet.
Unit 13: Past modals for possibilities
Past modal + Past participle
Might (not) have
May (not) have Possibility that something
Could have happened or didn’t happen.

Almost certain that something

Must (not) have happened or didn’t happen.

Could not have Certain that something did

NOT happen. Confident.
 Unit 13: Past modals for opinions
» Offers a past suggestion in a friendly and relaxed tone.
» For suggestions, DO NOT use the negative form.
Could’ve
You could’ve been more patient

» Stronger and more judging tone.

»
Should’ve
Can be used positive or negative, with any subject.

You shouldn’t have reacted like that

» Personal and indirect tone.
Would’ve » Can be positive or negative, but only used with ¨I¨.

I would have apologized right away

Unit 14: Passive voice to describe processes
Object + verb to be + verb in past participle
A screenplay is chosen
A scene isn’t filmed just once
The movie is going to be projected in Japan

Object + modal + be + verb in past participle

The costumes may be designed before shooting starts
Actors should be prepared for the scenes
Alcohol must not be drunk previous to filming
 Unit 14: Relative clauses
Defining Non-defining
• Express essential information. • Express EXTRA information. Without
Without this information, we this information, we still know
don’t know what/who we’re who/what we’re talking about.
talking about. • For people: Who.
• For people: Who or That. • For things: Which.
• For things: Which or That. • Separated by commas.
• No commas.
• Sometimes the relative
pronoun can be dropped.  Valencia, which is east of Madrid, is a
great place.
 Nessie is monster which lives in Loch  Voice-over actors, who give voice to
Ness. characters in animated movies, are
 A game programmer is the person who usually freelancers.
writes the computer code for games.
 Unit 15: Passive modals to express opinions
Object + Modal (or substitute) + (Not) Be + Verb in past
A good unemployment insurance should be provided
A law must be passed to control industrial pollution
Clubs should be required to install soundproof walls
Something has got to be done to stop littering
It’s a good idea It’s absolutely
necessary
Should (not) Must (not)
Ought (not) to Have (got) to
 Unit 15: Tag questions
 It's unfair, isn’t it?
USED WHEN:  I’m not the person with the
We expect someone to agree with us, or tickets, am I?
We are asking for some type of  Charlotte went to the library
confirmation. yesterday, didn’t she?
RULES:
 You wouldn’t do that to me,
 If the statement is positive, the tag will be negative.
would you?
The the statement is negative, the tag will be
 Her English has improved a
positive.
lot, hasn’t it?
 If the tag is negative, it must be contracted.
 Only use auxiliary verbs. The order of priority is
this: 1) Modals; 2) Verb to be; 3) Other auxiliaries.
 The subject will always be a pronoun.
 Any tense can be used, and that will change the tag.
 Unit 16: Accomplishments & Goals
Manage to Future perfect
Implies that an action was successful thanks to To express future goals. On its own, very
extra effort. certain. Often paired with ¨Hope to¨.
Past simple: Managed to. Will + Have + Past participle
Present perfect: Have/has managed to. ¨Before this year ends, I will have developed
¨I have managed to help my family since I started better online teaching skills.¨
working.¨

Be able to Would like to

Just means having the ability or possibility to To express future wishes.
do something. Would like to + Have + Past participle
Past simple: Was/were able to. ¨Within the next 10 years, I would like to have
Present perfect: Have/has been able to. finished grad school.¨
¨I have been able to improve my relationship
with my boyfriend.¨
 Can you conjugate the verbs in the correct tense?
Use: Simple past, past continuous, past perfect, present perfect, present
perfect continuous, simple future.
1. When I _______________ (look) out of the window, I _______________  (see)
John.
2. ________ you ever ________ (play) the piano since you left school?
3. I  _______________ (not see) him for two days.
4. When he _______________ (try) to open the door, he _______________ (drop) his
key.
5. They _______________ (live) in this house since 1987.
6. Last night my father _______________ (wash) his car while my mother and I 
_______________ (prepare) dinner.
7. ________ you ________ (meet) her yesterday?
8. Mary _______________ (be) in London for three days.
9. The principal _______________ (enter) the classroom when they _______________
(write) their exams.
10. He _______________ (buy) a new car last week.
11. I think that they _______________ (arrive) tomorrow morning.
12. Last Wednesday they _______________ (play) chess after they _______________
(do) their homework.
Where does all of that come from?

Mixed tenses
 Types of present tenses
Present simple Present continuous Present perfect
• Things that happen repeatedly, • Ongoing actions • Unfinished actions
and routines. The water is boiling. Could you I’ve been trying to solve this
What do you usually do on turn it off? problem since yesterday.
weekends? • Temporary situations or • Past actions connected to
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. new habits the present
• Permanent (or almost I am living with some friends I’ve sent the many letters; I’m
permanent) states or conditions. until I find another place. still waiting for a reply.
I am Andrea. I have two brothers. I am jogging every morning. • New information in general
• Instructions • Changes happening right The Queen has given a speech.
First, mix butter with sugar. Then, add now The road is closed. There’s been
eggs… The population in the world is an accident.
increasing.
My English is getting better.
 Types of past tenses
Past simple Past continuous Past perfect
• Finished actions, or habits in • Ongoing past actions (that • Finished actions before other
the past. are now finished) finished actions.
DaVinci painted the Mona Lisa. At 7:30 am, I was having We weren’t hungry because we
I worked at a retail store (I work for breakfast. had just eaten dinner before.
a publishing company now) • Things that were • Something that happened for
• Details of news happening in the past at some time in the past (and
I’ve hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder the same time or that it’s finished now).
while painting. overlap. The house was dirty. They hadn’t
• Actions in stories I was walking home when I saw cleaned it for months.
He went to a café. Nice music was Dave. By the time he graduated, he had
playing. He sat down and ordered an While my husband was been in Japan for 6 years.
espresso… sweeping, I was washing the
dishes.
 As if perfect tenses weren’t complicated enough…
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
• Unfinished actions, focusing on the period • An action was ongoing in the past before
of time (How long?) another action happened.
I’ve been living in London for 2 years. I had been living in London for 2 years when I
I’ve been working non-stop for 13 hours. met him.
• Recently finished actions
I had been working non-stop for 13 hours until
I’ve been running a lot today, that’s why I’m so I fainted.
sweaty. • A finished action had a result in the past.
I’ve been studying these past few hours, so I’m The children had been playing so the room was
very tired now. a mess.
• Temporary situations
The ground was wet because it had been
She’s been going to the gym a lot recently. raining.
He’s been dying his hair a lot these days.
 A special and common one: Future in past
Was / Were going to
In simple words, this tense is to express a plan in the past. It doesn’t matter if you were
correct or not, what matters is that you had the intention.

Was / Were + (Not) Going to + Verb in base form

Present
Past
• I was going to visit my boyfriend, but I remembered that I had to visit my parents first.
• I knew you were going to help him. How did that go?
• She was going to call me, but her cell phone died.
 1. A: How did the accident happen?
B: Well, I __________________ (go) too fast and couldn’t stop in
time.
2. A: Is that a new camera?
B: No, I __________________ (have) it for a long time.
Can you 3. A: Is that a new computer?
B: Yes, I __________________ (buy) it a few days ago.
conjugate these 4. A: I can’t talk to you right now. You can see I’m very busy.
B: OK. I __________________ (be) back in about half an hour.
verbs 5. A: Do you have any plans for the weekend?
correctly? B: Yes, I __________________ (go) to a party on Sunday night.
6. A: I’m sorry I’m late.
B: That’s OK. I __________________ (not-wait) for long.
7. When you went to the US last year, was it your first visit?
B: No, I __________________ (be) there twice before.
8. A: Do you know what Steve’s doing these days?
B: No, I __________________ (not-see) him in ages.
9. A: Will you still be here by the time I get back?
B: No, I __________________ (leave) by then.
That’s all for
this cycle,
folks!