Human Anatomy, First Edition

McKinley & O'Loughlin

Chapter 10 Lecture Outline:

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Tissue and Organization
 Over 700 skeletal muscles have been named.
 Form the muscular system.
 Muscle tissue is distributed almost everywhere in the
body.
 Responsible for the movement of materials within
and throughout the body.

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4 Unique Characteristics of
Muscle Tissue
 Excitability is equated with responsiveness.
 Contractility causes the fiber to shorten resulting in either a pull
on bones or the movement of specific body parts.
 Elasticity is the muscle’s ability to return to its original length
when tension is released.
 Extensibility is capability of extending in length in response to
the contraction of opposing muscle fibers.

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 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 Skeletal muscles are organs
 Vary in shape and size
 A skeletal muscle is composed of cells
 Each cell is as long as the muscle
 Small muscle: 100 micrometers long; 10 micrometers
in diameter
 Large muscle: 35 centimeters long; 100 micrometers
in diameter
 Skeletal Muscle cells are called MUSCLE FIBERS

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Functions of Skeletal Muscle
 Body Movement
 Maintenance of posture
 Temperature regulation
 Storage and movement of materials
 Support

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Composition of Skeletal Muscle
 Each skeletal muscle is composed of
fascicles.
 bundles of muscle fibers
 Muscle fibers contain myofibrils.
 composed of myofilaments

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Connective Tissue Components
 Three layers of CT
 Collagen fibers
 Elastic fibers
 Endomyseium: surrounds each muscle fiber
 Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle

Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle
 Provide protection, location for blood
vessels, nerves

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Endomysium
 Innermost connective tissue layer
 Surrounds each muscle fiber
 Help bind together neighboring muscle fibers and

Support capillaries near fibers

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Perimysium
 Surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers called
fascicles.
 Has a dense irregular connective tissue sheath which
contains extensive arrays of blood vessels and nerves
that branch to supply each individual fascicle.

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Epimysium
 A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that
surrounds the whole skeletal muscle.

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Deep Fascia
 An expansive sheet of dense irregular
connective tissue
 separates individual muscles

 binds together muscles with similar

functions
 forms sheaths to help distribute nerves,

blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

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Superficial Fascia
 An extensive sheet of areolar connective
tissue and adipose
 Also called subcutaneous tissue or

hypodermis
 Separates muscle from skin

 Supeerficial to the deep fascia

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Muscle Attachments
 Tendon attaches the muscle to bone, skin, or
another muscle.
 Tendons usually have a thick, cordlike
structure.
 Sometimes forms a thin, flattened sheet,
termed an aponeurosis.

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Muscle Origin and Insertion
 Most skeletal muscles extend between bones
and cross at least one movable joint.
 Upon contraction, one of the bones moves
while the other bone usually remains fixed.
 Less movable attachment of a muscle is
called its origin.
 Origin typically lies proximal to the insertion.

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Muscle Origin and Insertion
 More movable attachment of the muscle
is its insertion.
 Insertion is pulled toward the origin.

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Origin and Insertion

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Blood Vessels and Nerves
 Extends through both the epimysium and
perimysium.
 Blood vessels deliver to the muscle fibers
both nutrients and oxygen needed for the
production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
 Also remove waste products produced by the
muscle fibers.

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Skeletal Muscle Contraction
 Classified as voluntary: controlled by the
somatic (voluntary) nervous system.
 The neurons that stimulate muscle
contraction: motor neurons.
 Axon (or nerve fiber): transmits a nerve
impulse to a muscle fiber.
 Axon travels through the epimysium and
perimysium, and enters the endomysium,
where it sends a nerve impulse to an
individual muscle fiber.
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Microscopic Anatomy
 Specialized terms/structures
 Sarcolemma
 Sarcoplasm
 About 300 mitochondria
 Unique structures:
 Transverse tubules: deep invaginations of the
sarcolemma
 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
 Terminal cisternae (lateral sacs)
 Triad: T-tubule, 2 lateral sacs

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Microscopic Anatomy
 Multinucleated cells
 Occurs during development
 Myoblasts: embryonic cells
 Most fuse into one cell
 Satellite cells
 Myoblasts that do nor fuse
 can aid in repair and regeneration in adults

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Myofibrils and Myofilaments
 Myofibrils:
 Long cylindrical organelles
 About 1-2 micrometers in diameter
 Extend length of muscle fiber
 Shorten during contraction
 Contain myofilaments

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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
 Thin filaments
 Actin
 Two entwined strands of globular protein
 Active site for myosin
 Regulatory proteins
 Troponin
 Tropomyosin

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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
 Thick filaments
 Myosin
 Myosin molecule: globular head, tail
 Tails point to the middle of the filament
 Heads called crossbridges

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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
 Banding
 I-band: light band
 Actin filaments
 Bisected by z-line
 A-band: dark band
 Overlap of actin and myosin myofilaments
 Bisected by H-band
 H-band (zone)
 no actin here in relaxed fiber

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Thin and Thick Myofilaments
 Banding
 M-line:
 Middle of H-band (zone) in relaxed fiber
 Thin protein meshwork
 Attachment for thick filaments
 Z-line (Z-disc)
 Thin protein structure
 Connectins: anchor thin filaments
 Titin: attach thin, thick filaments to z-disc
 Attachment for thin filaments

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Sarcomere
 The functional contractile unit of a
skeletal muscle fiber.
 Defined as the distance from one Z disc
to the next adjacent Z disc.
 Myofibrils contain multiple Z discs
 Numerous sarcomeres in each myofibril.
 Each shortens as the muscle fiber
contracts.
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The Sliding Filament Theory
 The thin and thick filaments slide past
each other
 This change in relative position results
in the shortening of the sarcomere
 I-band narrows
 H-band disappears

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 Neuromuscular Junction
• Where motor neuron meets muscle fiber
• Components
– Synaptic knob
– Synaptic vesicles
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Motor end plate
• ACh receptors
– Synaptic cleft
• acetylcholinesterase

40
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Mechanism of contraction
 Neuromuscular Junction:
 Impulse causes release of Ach into synaptic cleft
 Ach plugs into receptors
 Initiates impulse in motor end plate
 Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh
 Impulse travels on sarcolemma, then down T-
tubule.
 Impulse reaches lateral sacs
 Causes release of calcium ion
 Calcium ion bonds to troponin
 Causes tropomyosin to move off of the myosin bonding
site

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Mechanism of contraction
 Myosin head bonds to actin, pushes actin to middle
of sarcomere
 Myosin released from actin
 Need ATP to release
 As long as calcium is in cytoplasm, will continue to
contract
 Return to relaxed condition

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Motor Neuron
 Initiates muscle contraction in a single muscle fiber.
 A single motor neuron typically controls numerous
muscle fibers in a muscle.
 Has a neuromuscular junction with each muscle fiber
it controls.

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Motor Unit
 Composed of a single motor neuron, the muscle
fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions
between the motor neuron and the muscle fibers.
 Typically controls only some of the muscle fibers in
an entire muscle.
 Most muscles have many motor units.
 many motor neurons are needed to innervate an entire
muscle

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All-Or-None Principle
 All-or-none principle: A muscle fiber
either contracts completely or does not
contract at all.
 When a motor unit is stimulated, all its
fibers contract at the same time.
 The total force exerted by the muscle
depends on the number of activated
motor units.

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Muscle Tone
 Some motor units are always active,
even when a muscle is at rest.
 The motor units cause the muscle to
become tense, but do not produce
enough tension to cause movement.
 Muscle tone is the resting tension in a
skeletal muscle.

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Contraction
 Isometric
 length of the muscle does not change because the tension
produced never exceeds the resistance (load)
 tension is generated, but not enough to move the load
 Isotonic
 tension produced exceeds the resistance (load), and the
muscle fibers shorten, resulting in movement

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Muscle Atrophy
 Reduction in muscle size, tone, and
power.
 Due to reduced stimulation, it loses
both mass and tone.
 Muscle becomes flaccid, and its fibers
decrease in size and become weaker.
 Even a temporary reduction in muscle
use can lead to muscular atrophy.

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Muscle Hypertrophy
 An increase in muscle fiber size.
 Muscle size may be improved by exercising.
 Repetitive, exhaustive stimulation of muscle
fibers results in more mitochondria, larger
glycogen reserves, and an increased ability to
produce ATP.
 Ultimately, each muscle fiber develops more
myofibrils, and each myofibril contains a larger
number of myofilaments.

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Three Types of Skeletal
Muscle Fibers
 Fast
 are large in diameter

 contain large glycogen reserves

 densely packed myofibrils

 relatively few mitochondria

 called white fibers due to lack of myoglobin

 majority of skeletal muscle fibers in the body

 Intermediate
 resemble fast fibers; however

 have a greater resistance to fatigue

 Slow
 smaller and they

 contract more slowly

 called red fibers because due to myoglobin

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Skeletal Muscle Has Striations
 Appearance is due to size and density differences between thick
filaments and thin filaments.
 Under the light microscope, two differently shaded bands are
present.
 The dark bands, called A bands, contain the entire thick
filament.
 At either end of a thick filament is a region where thin filaments
extend into the A band between the stacked thick filaments.
 Light bands, called I bands, contain thin filaments only.
 I band is lighter shaded than an A band because only the thin
filaments occupy this region.

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Four Organizational Patterns
in Fascicles
 Circular - muscle is also called a sphincter because
contraction of the muscle closes off the opening.
 Convergent - muscle has widespread muscle fibers
that converge on a common attachment site and are
often triangular in shape.
 Parallel - fascicles run parallel to its long axis.
 have a central body, called the belly, or gaster
 Pennate - have one or more tendons extending
through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at
an oblique angle to the tendon.

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3 Types of Pennate Muscles
 Unipennate muscle - all of the muscle fibers
are on the same side of the tendon.
 Bipennate muscle - the most common type,
has muscle fibers on both sides of the
tendon.
 Multipennate muscle - has branches of the
tendon within the muscle.

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10-63
3 Classes of Levers in the
Body
 In the body, a long bone acts as a lever, a joint serves as the
fulcrum, and the effort is generated by a muscle attached to the
bone.
 First-class
 has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the

resistance
 Second-class
 resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force

 Third-class
 force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum

 the most common levers in the body

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65
Actions of Skeletal Muscles
 Grouped according to their primary actions into three types:
 Agonists - also called a prime mover contracts to produce a
particular movement
 Antagonists - actions oppose those of the agonist
 Synergists
 assist the prime mover in performing its action.

 the contraction contributes to tension exerted close to

the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of

joint and thereby stabilizing the origin of the agonist

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Criteria for Naming of Muscles
 Names incorporate appearance, location, function,
orientation, and unusual features
 Names provide clues to their identification
 orientation of muscle fibers
 muscle attachments
 specific body regions
 muscle shape
 muscle size
 muscle heads/tendons of origin
 muscle function or movement
 muscle position at body surface

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Cardiac Muscle
 Fibers are individual muscle fibers arranged in thick
bundles within the heart wall.
 Fibers are striated like skeletal muscle fibers, but
shorter and thicker, and they have only one or two
nuclei.
 Fibers form Y-shaped branches and join to adjacent
muscle fibers at junctions termed intercalated discs.
 Fibers are autorhythmic (can generate a muscle
impulse without being stimulated).

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Smooth Muscle
 Composed of short muscle fibers that have a
fusiform shape and single centrally located
nucleus.
 Thick and thin filaments are not precisely
aligned so no visible striations or sarcomeres
are present.
 Z discs are absent - thin filaments are
attached to dense bodies by elements of the
cytoskeleton.
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Smooth Muscle
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse.
 Transverse tubules are absent.
 Contraction is slow, resistant to fatigue,
and usually sustained for an extended
period of time.
 Takes longer than skeletal muscle to
contract and relax.
 Contraction is under involuntary control.
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73
Development of Skeletal Muscle
 Initiated during the fourth week of embryonic
development when mesodermal cells form
thick blocks along each side of the developing
neural tube.
 Blocks, called paraxial mesoderm, form
structures called somites.
 sclerotome separates from the rest of the somite
and gives rise to the vertebral skeleton
 dermatome forms the connective tissue of the skin
 myotome gives rise to the skeletal muscles

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Effects of Aging on Skeletal
Muscle
 Slow, progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct result
of increasing inactivity.
 Size and power of all muscle tissues also decrease
 Lost muscle mass is replaced by either adipose or fibrous connective
tissue.
 Muscle strength and endurance are impaired.
 Decreased cardiovascular performance thus.
 Increased circulatory supply to active muscles occurs much more
slowly
 Tolerance for exercise decreases.
 Tendency toward rapid fatigue.
 Muscle tissue has a reduced capacity to recover from disease or injury.
 Elasticity of skeletal muscle also decreases.

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