INTRODUCTION

 UAVs operate without an on-board pilot or controller.

 Referred to as Drones by public.
 Quadcopters, balloons and airships

 Provide on-the-fly & line-of-sight communication.

 UAVs perform missions characterized by 3 D’s – dull, dirty
and dangerous.
 Operated in-
 Remotely controlled
 Autonomous
 Hybrid
 UAVs can function as:
 Aerial Base Station
 Aerial Users
ATTRIBUTES OF UAVS:
 Ability
 Flexibility
 Potential Mobility
 Adaptive Altitude
 Large Coverage Area
 LoS Communication
 Simple Infrastructure
 Low cost
APPLICATION:
 Military:

 Wireless Relays:
 Telecommunication:

 Inspection:
 Cargo Transport:

 Surveillance & Monitoring

Rescue & Search Operation:
REAL-WORLD EXAMPLES
 Google’s Loon Project: Balloons move 20 km above the Earth’s
surface i.e. in stratosphere in the direction of wind. Project loon uses
software algorithms to determine where its balloons need to go. In this
way balloons moving with the wind can be arranged to form one large
communication network.
 Facebook’s Internet-delivery drone: The goal of this project is to
provide internet access to rural areas across the world. Multiple drones are
connected to each other to create a larger network and provide more
coverage.
 Amazon’s Prime Air: To deliver customer’s packages with in the 30
minutes of their ordering, Amazon has launched its project Prime Air.
 Google’s Project Wing: The aim of this project is to increase the
access to goods, reduction in traffic and global warming. This Wing
project also manages the traffic.
TECHNICAL CHALLENGES
For Drone Base Station (BS):
 Network Planning
 Performance Characterization
 Optimal 3D deployment
 Resource Allocation
 Trajectory optimization

For Drone User Equipment (UEs)

 Handover Management
 Channel Modeling
 3D Localization
 Interference Management
CLASSIFICATION OF UAVS
Fixed Wing Rotary Wing
 Cannot stay stationary  Short term duration
 More capable and can fly  Limited mobility, payload
for longer duration and energy
 High speed  Can move in any direction
 heavy payload  Can hover
 Highly mobile  Flight hour < 1 hour
 More weight  E.g. Quadrator drones
 Can not hover
 E.g. – small aircraft
 HAPs LAPs
 Altitude above 17 km  Altitude of 10 km to few km.
 Quasi Stationary  Operate in Troposphere
 Operate in Stratosphere i.e. above  Quickly move
10km above earth’s surface  Flexible
 Wider coverage than LAPs  Cost effective
 Have longer endurance  Quickly deployed
 Provide reliable wireless coverage  Suitable for limited duration
along with LoS communication mission, short range
over long distance. E.g. – balloons.  Can establish LoS link quickly
 LAPs can fly without any
permit at 400 feet according to
US Federal Aviation Regulation.
e.g. balloons, quad copters etc.
Single vs. Multiple UAVs
Comparison of MANETs, VANETs and FANETs
FANET (Flying Ad-hoc Network)
 FANET is an infrastructure less network i.e. ad-hoc network among
UAVs. UAVs can communicate with each other and to ground station or
satellite. UAVs location, velocities and directions changes with their fast
movement, so, it becomes important to introduce mobility modeling.
Because of fast moving nature of UAVs, network connectivity get
affected. So, it is important to model UAVs moving behavior in simulation
to enable routing and data dissemination in UPPER FANET layer.

 Because of much higher mobility of UAVs, mobility models are not

adaptable for FANETs simulation. This leads to researchers to develop
high quality environment for FANETs simulation. And mobility models
are needed to be examined. 
LITERATURE REVIEW
Author Proposed Work Findings
Name
Young et al. Overview of wireless Observed the different types of UAVs
[1] communication networking and their comparison. Two performance
architecture using UAVs. enhancing techniques i.e. UAV enabled
New opportunities for mobile relaying and D2D enhanced
UAV communication information dissemination.

Lav Gupta Surveyed the work done MANETs and VANETs are not
et al. [2] towards the issues of sufficient to fulfill requirements of
UAVs. UAVs because of:
• Highly mobile
• Dynamic topology
• power constraints
• limited energy supply
Mohammad Which analytical and Benefits, applications, challenges, open
Mozaffari et mathematical tool to be problems and research directions related
al. [3] used for addressing unique to UAVs for wireless communication
UAV problems.
Author Proposed Work Findings
Name
Sathyanarayanan Survey the aerial Outcome of ABSOLUTE project to
et al. [4] communication with the design and implement LTE-A aerial
goal to design and base station using LAPs. For
implement future aerial deciding suitable wireless
network. technology regulations and
mechanical limitations of aerial
platform have a strong impact.

Vivek Srivastava Surveyed the literature Wireless ad-hoc network has

et al. [29] on game theoretic limitations in using mathematical
annalysis of ad hoc models due to complex mobility and
network. traffic models coupled with dynamic
topology.
So, random techniques can be
applied to maximizing throughput,
selfish behaviour of node, power
control and interference avoidance.
NETWORKING ARCHITECTURE
Author Proposed Work Findings
Name
Yong et al.[1] Provided UAV communication with Surveyed the overview of
basic architecture and channel wireless communication using
characteristics. UAVs and described the
challenges and opportunities for
UAV wireless communication.
Imad Jawhar Different important functions and U2U and U2I networkig
et al. [6] requirements that are needed to architecture, UAVs used as data
provide robust, efficient and energy collection in different WSN
aware communication in UAV topologies i.e linear, cluster and
based systems. geometric.
 UAV DEPLOYMENT
Author Proposed Work Findings
Name
Jiangbin Lyu Based on the position of flying UAV: Proposed CMA scheme
et al. in [7] •A new cyclical multiple access (CMA) showed throughput gain as
scheme so that communication between compared to static UAV BS
UAV and GTs could be scheduled in scheme. Here GT is in 1D so it
cyclical time-division method. could be extend to 2D and 3D
• An algorithm to allocate time to as future work.
different GTs to maximize throughput.

Mohammad •Downlink coverage probability was •Tradeoff between connectivity

Mozaffari et derived as a function of altitude and among UAVs and maximizing
al. [8] antenna gain. the area covered by the UAVs.
•Using Circle packing theory, 3D • Having the knowledge of
location of UAV is determined. desired area to be covered, no.
of UAVs, altitude and
directional antennas gain, the
location of UAVs can be
adjusted appropriately to
satisfy the coverage
requirements.
Mohammed An optimal placement Results show that there is
Alzena et al. [9] algorithm for UAV-BSs that significant savings in transmit
maximizes the no. Of covered power and increase in the no. of
users using min transmit covered users as the user
power heterogeneity increases.

Fatemeh Afghah
et al. [11]

Evsen Yanmz et
al. [24]
Major Findings & Future Work
 Researchers have worked in the area of wireless communication in MANET,
VANET. Now focus is on FANET [31] i.e. ad hoc network among UAVs.
 UAVs location, velocities and directions changes with their fast movement,
so, it becomes important to introduce mobility modeling.
 UAVs are fast moving in nature and it impacts the network connectivity. So,
it is important to model UAVs moving behavior in simulation to enable
routing and data dissemination in UPPER FANET layer.
 Because of much higher mobility of UAVs, mobility models are not
adaptable for FANETs simulation. This leads to researchers to develop high
quality environment for FANETs simulation. And mobility models are
needed to be examined.
 Using a single UAV is not beneficial because of its limited capability. So, to
overcome the limitation of single UAV, coordination among multiple UAVs
must be ensured.
 Based on the extensive literature review on UAVs with different benefits,
challenges or issues, areas of applications, it has been found out that there
is shortage of data in ad hoc wireless communication using UAVs.
Following area has been identified for the future work:
 Game theory can be applied to distributed power control and avoidance of
interference in wireless ad hoc network. Both cooperative as well as non-
cooperative game theory could be used to generalize the problem that used
only co-operative game theory. Different variations of game theory can be
used in different scenarios. E.g. Stackelberg Game.
 GT is considered in 1D. The work can be extended to arbitrary GT
locations in 2D or 3D scenario. For simplicity, UAV flies at a fixed height.
Extension to height variable H could also be future work. 
 To develop a new mobility model that combines attributes of some of the
mobility models. For performance evaluation, there is need to develop a
minimum mobility model standard. PPRZM model can be compared with
other mobility models and could also consider different environment for it.
 Smooth-Trajectory model can be turned into random directional model by
changing the parameters. To develop new mobility models for 5G that are
linked with connectivity, society and common standards for mobility
models.
 mmWAVE communication using MIMO and free space path loss model
can be used with UAVs. Analyzing the random behavior of ATG radio
channel model including large as well as small scale fading effects.
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THANK YOU…