LITERATURE STUDY
SUSTAINABILITY AND PASSIVE ENERGY DESIGN
SUSTAINABILITY AND PASSIVE DESIGN
TO CAMPUSES
◼ Sustainability and passive design have been a need to campuses
because of the high need of energy and carbon content.
Campuses have been keen to adapt sustainable architecture and
use passive design technologies for building their campuses to
make it a green campus.
◼ This article gives a brief idea about sustainable and passive
design techniques to be adapted through the survey made from
different green campuses.
◼ A brief knowledge was acquired of the topic and different
campuses were taken for case studies from which various
techniques were derived.
WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY?
◼ Sustainability means to be able to meet the user’s requests, use of
natural resources available locally and considering the fact that the plan
has to be designed such that the materials and the spaces are completely
reusable.
◼ Sustainable architecture is a technique to design and construct buildings
to limit the environmental impacts and achieving energy efficiency in
buildings.
WHY IS SUSTAINABILITY REQUIRED?
◼ Sustainability considers orientation, natural ventilation, sunlight &
shading by pre-existing elements and use of biomass.
◼ This technique reduces the use of energy and waste.
◼ It defines the way in which people who inhabit in it live.
◼ It is not a characteristic but a requirement and it has been followed since
Ancient Egyptian Pyramids
MATERIALS USED
◼ Recyclable materials are used to make the building modular so as to
easily retrieve, reuse and dispose without causing any pollution.
◼ Low-energy, renewable and durable materials such as wood, bricks
and stone are used.
◼ For example: The project by Earthships Biotecture
◼ Earthships are kind of passive solar house having zero-energy heating
and cooling systems.
◼ They are completely independent from municipal energy sources.
◼ These structures are created with materials such as dirt, clay, hay,
wood and mostly tyres filled with dirt which are used as load-bearing
walls while whilst cans or bottles are used for non-load bearing walls.
WHAT IS PASSIVE DESIGN?
◼ Passive design is a strategy of designing building which include the orientation, air sealing, continuous insulation, windows and
daylighting, and creating natural
◼ JAMES ORTEGA of Passive House Institute, Chicago explained that “Passive measures find ways to reduce the size of the heating
and cooling system by keeping the heat (or cooled air) inside the building.”
◼ These strategies use natural energy opportunity with relation to building’s site, the local climate and the building material properties.
WHY IS IT REQUIRED?
• Passive energy designs increase a buildings energy efficiency.
• Continuous insulation breaks thermal bridges between inside and out of the building.
• The airtight construction style stops the heat and moisture content.
• The optimized windows keep heat in and out.
• There’s a balanced ventilation that ensures fresh air and controls moisture.
• The building is minimal mechanical which is a need.
WHY IS SUSTAINABILITY AND PASSIVE DESIGN NEEDED FOR CAMPUSES?
1. To provide thermal comfort to the students and faculty members.
2. For controlling the excess heat gain
3. Low cost.
4. Reduces the operational carbon since energy and carbon are such paramount concerns.
5. Environmentally friendly.
6. Improves
a. Energy efficiency
b. Water efficiency
c. Energy and atmosphere
d. Indoor environmental quality
CASE STUDY 1
BRICK PASSIVE DESIGNED UNIVERSITY / TAISEI DESIGN PLANNERS ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS
◼ Architects: TAISEI DESIGN Planners Architects & Engineers
◼ Area: 3731 m²
◼ Year: 2017
◼ • Located in a an area which is recently developed area
within 30 minutes of driving from Hanoi (Vietnam), The
Japanese nursing university created a special learning
environment where Japanese and Vietnamese culture blend
together.
◼ • The client was is aiming to expand abroad and
introducing their knowledge (Nursing, Physical Therapy,
Prosthetics & Orthotics) to Vietnamese students.
◼ • Main focus was to make use of design techniques
and materials found in the local area. This gave us the
opportunity to create a more sustainable and economic
structure with a visually daring design reaching out to
Vietnam’s local architecture.
◼ • Large canopies in order to give more shade
against the hot summer sun and heavy rainfall, both
which are very common in Vietnam’s tropical climate.
◼ • These canopies created a semi-outdoor terrace
where students can get together and enjoy their time
between classes.
◼ • The porous brick screens which are placed in
front of the glass façade allow a sufficient amount of
natural light inside.
◼ While maintaining the beautiful view of rich greenery
which is surrounding the building. On the façade are
not purely functional but also accent to a normally
mortar with paint finish which is typical in Vietnam.
◼ Porous Materials and methods have been carefully
selected depending on each location and purpose for
example screen, handrail, vent
◼ The Craftsman who made each brick screen by hand are
visible on the brick texture.
◼ The clearly since passive design technologies created a
unified façade and interior space of unusual refinement.
◼ Although the building features Vietnamese typical materials
and low-tech construction methods,
◼ The aim is not to reproduce the vernacular but to bring
together Vietnamese as one traditional and intelligent
practice creating sustainable architecture suitable for the
present.
INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR OF
THE BUILDING
semi-outdoor terrace where students can get
together and enjoy their time between classes.
https://www.archdaily.com/877077/brick-passive-designed-
university-taisei-corporation
CASE STUDY 2
CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGY (CEPT)
AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA
•BUILDINGS ARE PLACED ORTHOGONALLY WITH
RESPECT TO THE SIDES OF THE SITE AND HENCE
ALONG THE CARDINAL POINTS
• KEEN OBSERVATION IN PLAN REVEALS THAT
BUILDINGS ARE ORIENTED IN SUCH A PASSION THAT
TO AVOID THE HARSH SUN LIGHT.
• IT ONLY ALLOWS THE LIGHT BUT NOT THE HOT SUN
TO THE INTERIORS DURING MID DAY WHEN THE SUN
IS HIGH.
• THE BUILDINGS ARE PLACED ACCORDING TO THE
SUN DIRECTION, THE SOUTH FACED OF THE
BUILDINGS HAS LONG PROJECTIONS AND ON THE
NORTH FACADE OF THE BUILDING HAS SMALL
PROJECTIONS.
STUDIO
•THERE ARE INCLINE SKYLIGHTS ON TOP OF THE
STUDIOS, LETTING IN NATURAL LIGHT INTO THE
SPACES.
•THE STUDIOS ARE DESIGNED KEEPING IN MIND
THE CLIMATIC NEEDS AND COMFORT OF ITS
USERS.
•THE BUILDING SECTION AND DOUBLE HEIGHT
STUDIOS ARE WELL CONCEIVED TO FACILITATE
AIR FLOW.
•THE BUILDING IS ORIENTED ALONG THE EAST-
WEST AXIS WITH OPENINGS ON NORTH&SOUTH
AND THICKWALLS ARE PROVIDED ON THE EAST
AND WEST TO KEEP OFF THE HOT SUN.
VENTILATION
•NORTH SIDE IS HEIGHTENED TO ALLOW MORELIGHT IN WHILE THE SOUTH SIDE IS KEPT LOW TO
SHIELD FROM DIRECT RADIATION.
•RECESSED WINDOWS PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM THE HOT SUN, WHILE ANGLED WINDOWS
ASSURE THAT MAXIMUM LIGHT REACHES THE INTERIORS.
LANDSCAPE
•THE CAMPUS IS FULL OF NEEM TREES, WHICH WERE PLANTED OVER THE
YEARS SINCE THE INTIAL PHASE MAKES HOT AHMEDABAD CLIMATE
COOLER
OPEN SPACES ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH SIDE RESPECTIVELY ALLOW FRESH
AIR TO VENTILATE THE BUILT STRUCTURES.
CASE STUDY 3
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University – East
India's First Net Zero plus Energy Campus Campus New Delhi
In name of guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha in 1998 the
govt of NCT Delhi established
Its teaching and university with the objective of
facilitating and advance studies, research and work in
emerging areas of higher education.
•The university is graded 'A' by NAAC and guarantee is
to providing professional education with on creativity,
•Innovation, continuous change and motivating
environment for knowledge and circulation through its
effective quality administration system.
•Developments consultant believes not only in using
green building materials and solutions in their projects
but also emphasizes on using energy efficient and solar
products.
INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS
Building a green building is not just a matter of adding a
collection of the latest green technologies or materials in
it , Rather than
•It is a process in which every component of the design is
first improve and then the effect and connection of various
different elements and systems within the building and site
are review, integrated, and optimized as part of a whole
building solution.
•India's first Net Zero Energy campus with passive solar building design.
•The proposed campus has been designed to achieve GRIHA 5-star rating.
•High performance building envelop is proposed in architectural design of the campus which includes good
thermal resistance walls, roofs and glazing allowing sufficient and indirect sunlight. More than 64% of the regularly
occupied/ living area of the proposed campus would achieve required/ sufficient daylight
◼ Landscaping is used to lower water consumption.
◼ Annual potable water consumption of the campus would be
minimized by more than 50% by reusing treated waste water and
efficient flow plumbing fixtures as compared to conventional.
◼ More than 50% of hard paved areas would be shaded by vegetation.
◼ The proposed campus would be in compliance with Energy
Conservation Building Code Mandatory Guidelines.
◼ Air, water pollution & soil erosion preventive measures would be
followed in compliance with National Building Code on site during
construction to cause minimum disturbance.
◼ Campus enjoys cooling by Earth Air Tunnel System.
◼ Intensive stepped Terrace Gardens on each floor.
◼ Buildings submerged to create comfortable spaces.
◼ Sunken courtyards used for natural light/ ventilation.
PASSIVE COOLING-TECHNIQUES
VERNACULAR METHOD
JALI Cooling Installation- An attempt to
Water bodies simplify and reinterpret the concept of air-
The jali helps in lowering
the temperature by Introducing water body in the conditioning.Using computational
compressing the air through center courtyard. technologies and traditional evaporative
the holes. Also when the air cooling techniques to build a prototype of
passes through the cylindrical clay cones, each with a custom
openings, its velocity design and size.It can be used as sculpture
increases giving profound and at the same time cool the air.
diffusion. Helps keep away Evaporative Cooling– reducing the
direct sunlight and only lets temperatures using water and some local
in diffused light. material- A wisdom that traces back to the
Egyptian period.
NATURAL VENTILATION SHADING COURTYARD EFFECT EVAPORATIVE
• In order to have a good
COOLING
natural ventilation, • Solar control is a • If this heat exchange
openings must be critical requirement for reduces roof surface •Evaporative cooling
placed at opposite both cooling-load temperature to wet lowers indoor air
pressure zones. dominated and passively bulb temperature of temperature by
• Outdoor breezes create solar-heated buildings. air, condensation of
air movement through evaporating water.
• Each project should be atmospheric moisture
the house interior by the evaluated depending on occurs on the roof and · It is effective in hot
'push-pull' effect of its relative cooling the gain due to and dry climate where
positive air pressure on needs. condensation limits
the windward side the atmospheric
further cooling.
humidity is low.
PASSIVE DOWN DRAUGHT COOLING
- Evaporative cooling has been used for many centuries in parts of the middle east, notably Iran and turkey.
- In this system, wind catchers guide outside air over water-filled pots, inducing evaporation and causing a
significant drop in temperature before the air enters the interior.
Fenestration- It is a term used to describe the arrangement, quality, quantity or aesthetic characteristics of
the totality of windows on a building's facade.
Windows, skylights, & other openings in a building etc. allow daylight and the prevailing wind inside the building
when needed.
Methods to reduce heat gain through windows are:
● Orientation and size
● Glazing
● Internal shading devices (blinds, curtains)
● External shading devices
Ramp
Ramp can be used as- vertical
circulation method -also served as
wind chimney by having reflective
pool underneath (low temperature,
high air pressure, high humidity).
The water body blowing out cool
air and the hot air passing through
the opening above through the
ramp cooling the entire building-
repeating the process at all times
of the day.
Vegetation
Trees and shrubs create different air flow patterns, provide shading and keep the surroundings cooler in warm
weather. Vegetation can be used for energy conservation in buildings in the following ways:
Shading of buildings and open spaces through landscaping
Roof gardens (or green roofs)
Shading of vertical and horizontal surfaces (green walls)
Buffer against cold and hot winds
Changing direction of wind
Vegetation is a flexible controller of solar and wind penetration in buildings. It reduces direct sun from penetrating
and heating up building surface. Lowers the outside air temperature which lowers the heat transfer from outside to
building envelope and interior.
Green roofs or roof gardens can also be used as they help to reduce heat loads in a building. The additional thickness
of the growing medium provides extra thermal insulation. These also retain moisture from rainwater further cooling
the roof surface. The green cover lowers ambient temperatures through evapotranspiration.
Transpiration
Plants also cool the landscape directly through the process of transpiration.
Neem Tree
- Neem is a rapid flourishing tree.
- It is a windbreaker and a shading tree.
- The oval crown of the Neem tree is evergreen ,i.e., remains lush
green in all four seasons.
- Neem tree is a fast grower and grows in the area where rainfall is only 18 inches per year.
- It can grow in harsh conditions.
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