Environmental Engineering-II

Solid Waste Management

Engr. Majid Hussain

Assistant Professor,
Khwaja Fareed UEIT, Rahim Yar Khan

[email protected]
Introduction

Waste ( also known as rubbish, garbage, refuse, trash,

junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
Or
“Any material that no longer has any value to the
person who is responsible for it, and is not intended
to be discharged through pipe”.

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introduction

Solid Waste can be defined as :

“Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or gas, is
solid waste”

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Municipal Solid Waste
• Municipal Solid Waste includes commercial and residential wastes
generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid
form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes.

• Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction

and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.

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Municipal Solid waste comes from variety of sources
including;

Household Commercial Street sweepings Hotels and restaurants

Clinics & dispensaries Construction & demolition Horticulture Sludge

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 Source Typical facilities, activities or Types of solid wastes
locations
Residential Homes, flats, apartment blocks etc. Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, yard waste, wood,
glass, metals, special wastes(eg bulky
items such as white goods ,batteries,
oil tyres), household hazadarous
wastes

Commercial Shops, restaurants, markets, office Paper, cardboard, plastics, glass,

buildings, hotels, motels, print shops, wood, metals, food wastes, special
service stations, auto repair shops wastes, hazadarous wastes
etc.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, universities, As above in commercial

prisons, government centers etc.
Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repairs, wood., steel, concrete, dirt etc.
building demolition.
Municipal services (excluding Street cleaning, landscaping, park Special wastes, rubbish, litter,
treatment works) and beaches, creek bed cleaning, sweepings debris general wastes.
litter bins.

Treatment plant Water, wastewater, industrial Effluent plus residual sewage

treatment processes
Municipal solid waste(MSW) All of the above All of above
Industrial Construction, fabrication, light and Industrial process wastes, scrap
heavy manufacturing refineries, materials etc.Non –industrial wastes
chemical plants, power stations, including food wastes, rubbish,
demolition etc.
CE- 341 – Environmental Engineering-1
ashes,demolition , and construction
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Terminology
Garbage:
• Garbage is the animal ,fruit and vegetable wastes resulting
from handling, preparing , and cooking food.
• It does not include food processing wastes from canneries,
slaughterhouses etc.
• Garbage originates mostly from domestic kitchens, stores,
markets, restaurants etc.
• These are putrescible and decompose rapidly leading to
development of offensive odour.

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Rubbish:
• Rubbish consists of combustible and non-combustible solid wastes
from homes , stores, and institutions but does not include
garbage.
Combustible:
•The combustible consists of paper, rags, wood, tree branches etc.
Non-Combustible:
• Non- combustible includes material which can’t be burned at
700-
1100°C-the organic portion such as tin cans, glass, ashes soil etc.
Organic Wastes:
• Typically the organic wastes include food waste (also known as
garbage), paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, wood, yard wastes
etc.
Inorganic Wastes:
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Waste Composition

The term “Composition” is used to describe the individual

components that make up a solid waste stream and their
relatives distribution, usually based on percentage by weight.

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Waste Characterization
Waste Category USA Sydney
Food waste 9 27.5
Paper 34 15.2
Cardboard 6 5.6
Plastics 7 7.6
Textiles 2 2.3
Rubber 0.5 0.6
Yard waste 18.5 20.5
Wood 2 0.6
Other organics 0.5 0.6
Glass 8 9.3
Metal cans 6 5.3
Aluminium cans 0.5 0.3
Dirt, ash etc 3 3.6

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Waste Characterization
Component Lahore Multan Peshawar Faisalabad

Vegetable+ fruit residue 30.32 32.35 13.80 17.2

Paper 2.70 2.4 2.10 2.1

Plastics and rubber 5.63 4.39 3.70 4.8
Leaves , grass, straws 20.32 20.22 13.60 15.6
Rags 7.50 6.98 4.30 5.2
Wood 1.24 1.30 0.60 0.7
Bones 1.03 1.03 1.70 2.9
Animal waste 2.37 2.65 7.50 0.8
Glass 0.7 0.8 1.30 1.3
Metals 0.32 0.3 0.30 0.2
Dust ,ash, stones, bricks 27.83 27.51 7.30 4.6
unclassified 0.04 0.07 - -

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Solid Waste Generation Rate

Solid waste generation rate refers to “the amount of solid

waste produced by one person in one day on the average”.

• Solid waste generation rate in Pakistan urban centers is

between 0.4-0.8kg/c/d
 Lahore 0.6 kg/c/d,
 Peshawar  0.489 kg/c/d,
 Multan  0.45 kg/c/d,
 Karachi  0.613 kg/c/d.

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Impacts of Solid Waste Generation
Following problems arises due to solid waste generation:

• Breeding of rats, flies, fleas etc , carrying the germs of

disease and outbreak of diseases e.g. Plague in 14th century
killed half of Europeans.
• Improper management of solid waste give rise to 22 human
diseases.
• Improper management of solid waste give rise to water and
air pollution

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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM)

• Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) refers to the

collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, resource recovery
and disposal of solid waste in urban areas.
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Goals & Principles of MSWM
• The first goal of MSWM is to protect the health of the
urban population, particularly that of low-income groups
who suffer most from poor waste management.
• Secondly, MSWM aims to promote environmental
conditions by controlling pollution (including water, air, soil
and cross media pollution) and ensuring the sustainability
of ecosystems in the urban region.
• Thirdly, MSWM supports urban economic development by
providing demanded waste management services and
ensuring the efficient use and conservation of valuable
materials and resources.
• Forthly, MSWM aims to generate employment and incomes
in the sector itself.
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Life Cycle of Municipal Solid Waste
Generation

Segregation

Storage &

Collection

Transportatio
n

Treatment

Disposal

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Components of MSWM
a) Generation
Waste generation encompasses those activities in which
materials are identified as no longer being of value and are
either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.

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Components of MSWM
b) Storage
• Two types of containers are used:
1. Separate containers: used by households and manually
handled .
2. Communal Containers: used by community collectively
and mechanically handled
• Good storage offers four advantages
 Containment,
 Convenience in collection,
 Cover,
 Environmental protection

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Components of MSWM
Encourage two bin system at individual premises for ease in
processing and disposal of SW.
1. Wet waste- kitchen waste
2. Dry waste- paper, plastics, glass, metal etc

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Components of MSWM

3 bin System

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Components of MSWM
c) Collection :
Collection includes both the gathering of solid waste (recyclable and
non- recyclable)and the transport of these materials, after collection, to
the location where the collection vehicle is emptied, such as a material-
processing facility, a transfer station or a landfill.

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Components of MSWM
Waste Collection methods include:
• Primary or pre collection method i.e. the waste
collected by street sweepers and sanitary
workers and then transported to collection
points via handcarts, donkey carts and
wheelbarrows.

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Components of MSWM
Waste Collection methods include:
• Secondary Collection method
Two systems are used:
1. Hauled Container System
2. Stationary Container System

• Other collection methods employ:

1. Tractor trolleys
2. Open body trucks
3. Animal carts

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Components of MSWM
Hauled Container System

Container is hauled to disposal sites, emptied, and returned to original

location
or some other location

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Components of MSWM
Hauled Container System

• Suitable for sources of high generation rate

• Lower container handling time
• Reduced unsanitary conditions
• Flexibility in container size /shape
• Low container Utilization

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Components of MSWM
Stationary Container System

Storage containers remain at point of generation

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Components of MSWM
Stationary Container System
• Manual/Mechanical loading/compaction into collection
vehicle.
• Increased container utilisation
• Not suitable for heavy industrial waste/rubbish
• Labour intensive

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Components of MSWM
d) Transfer and Transport
• SW is collected in small vehicles and transfer by large
vehicles to transfer station or processing centers or disposal
sites.
• Transfer stations are needed when disposal sites are located at
long distances and collection vehicles are small in size.
• Transfer stations should be located as to avoid public
inconvenience and environmental degradation.

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Components of MSWM
e) Solid waste Disposal & Treatment

sorting

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Solid waste Disposal & Treatment
• Processing and Recovery
Processing includes techniques used to improve
the efficiency of SWM operations. It includes:
• Compaction: used to reduce the volume of
solid waste.
• Shredding : used to reduce the size of solid
waste.

Recovery refers to separation of paper, plastics,

glass for reuse.

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Waste Treatment & Disposal
• Waste treatment and disposal refers to the activities
required to ensure that waste has the least
practicable impact on the environment.

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TECHNOLOGIES
• Established waste treatment and disposal technologies are:
COMPOSTING
• Water, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen all together is a perfect mixture
to combine with organic matter to materialize the process of
decomposition. This procedure will result to productions of
compost which will eventually help the soil become healthy for
planting.

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TECHNOLOGIES
Lahore Compost facility

Composting process takes steps of:

• Screening,
• Second screening,
• Mixing making windrow,
• Packaging.

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TECHNOLOGIES
Sorting unit

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TECHNOLOGIES
• Sorting line

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TECHNOLOGIES
Shedder

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TECHNOLOGIES
Windrow Management

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TECHNOLOGIES
Final Product – compost

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TECHNOLOGIES
INCINERATION
Waste destruction in a furnace by controlled burning at
high temperatures. Incineration removes water from
hazardous sludge, reduces its mass volume,
and/or it to a non-burnable ash that can be safelyand
converts disposed of
on land, in some waters, or in underground pits
Flue gases

Fuel

Air Inlet

Ash door
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TECHNOLOGIES
LANDFILLING
Environmentally acceptable disposal of waste on ground.
Sanitary landfills are where non-hazardous waste is spreading
layers, compacted, and covered with earth at the end of
each working day.

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TECHNOLOGIES
BIOGAS GENERATION
Any gas fuel derived from the decay of organic matter, as the
mixture of methane and carbon
produced by the
dioxide
decomposition of sewage, manure, garbage, or plant crops.
bacterial

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TECHNOLOGIES
Refuse Derived Fuel

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TECHNOLOGIES
Refuse Derived Fuel

A fuel produced by shredding municipal solid waste (MSW).

Noncombustible materials such as glass and metals are generally
removed prior to making RDF. The residual material is sold as-is or
compressed into pellets, bricks, or logs. RDF processing facilities are
typically located near a source of MSW, while the RDF combustion
facility can be located elsewhere.

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TECHNOLOGIES

RECYCLING
To treat or process (used or waste materials) so as to make
suitable for reuse: recycling paper to save trees.

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TECHNOLOGIES
Material Resource Recovery

It is the process in which manual and mechanical

processes are used to recover useful materials from the
waste like metals , paper, organic material etc.

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TECHNOLOGIES
Material Resource Recovery(BASIC CONCEPT)
Commingled Solid
Waste

Tipping Floor

Paper
Plastic
Glass
Conveyor Belt Metal
Wood
RDF

Organic Material Compost

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Scenario in Pakistan

• Treatment and disposal technologies are comparatively new concepts

in Pakistan.
• Open dumping is the most common practice throughout Pakistan and
dumpsites are commonly set on fire to reduce the volume of
accumulating waste, hence adding to the air pollution caused by the
uncovered dumped waste itself.
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