INTRODUCTION TO

LIVESTOCK AND
POULTRY PRODUCTION
SWINE PRODUCTION
SWINE INVENTORY
• From July to September 2023, hog output was 450.90 thousand
metric tons liveweight. This is a 3.3 percent yearly growth over
the 436.68 thousand metric tons of liveweight output in the
same time of 2022.
• Central Visayas was the top producer of hog with 67.66
thousand metric tons, liveweight or 15.0 percent share to the
total hog production during the period. Completing the top five
regions with the highest volume of hog production at
liveweight during the quarter were the following:
• a. CALABARZON with 59.81 thousand metric tons;
b. Northern Mindanao with 54.50 thousand metric tons;
c. Central Luzon with 46.16 thousand metric tons; and
d. Davao Region with 36.16 thousand metric tons.
Swine Situation Report as of September 2023
SWINE INVENTORY
• According to PSA, as of 30 September 2023 the country’s total
swine inventory was estimated at 9.86 million heads. This was
2.1 percent lower than the previous year’s same period count of
10.07 million heads. About 67.5 percent of the country’s swine
population came from smallhold farms, while the remaining
29.2 percent and 3.3 percent were from commercial and semi-
commercial farms, respectively.
• As shown on Figure 3, CALABARZON recorded the highest
swine population of 1.35 million heads as of 30 September
2023. This was followed by Central Luzon and Northern
Mindanao with corresponding inventories of 1.06 million
heads and 1.03 million heads. These three regions accounted
for 34.9 percent share to the country’s total swine population
during the period.
GLOBAL PIG PRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES:
• Swine use concentrates well and are efficient converters of feed into
human food.
• Swine are prolific animals.
• The swine enterprise requires small investment compare to cattle and
carabao.
• Pigs can be sold or converted into cash anytime after weaning
• Salvage values of culled sows, boars and stags are high.
• Swine have high dressing percentage
• compared with other farm animals.
• Pork is traditionally accepted as table meat.
DISADVANTAGES
HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME
• KINGDOM: Animalia Sus scrofa is a wild hog of
• PHYLUM: Chordata continental Europe from which
• CLASS: Mammalia most domestic swine have been
• ORDER: Artiodactyla
derived.
 Sus vittatus was the
• FAMILY: Suidae
chief, if not the only species of
• GENUS: Sus the
• SPECIES: scrofa/vittatus East Indian pig that contributed
• SUB-SPECIES: domesticus to domestic swine.
BREEDS OF SWINE
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
• A: Benguet native pig,
• B: Q-Black,
• C: Markaduke,
• D: BT Black,
• E: BT Kalinga,
• F: Yookah
• G and H: Bukidnon native pigs
LANDRACE
• Origin: DENMARK
• Characteristics: longest breed of
swine (16 to 17 ribs), white in
color and with drooping ears,
prolific and has good mothering
ability, high proportion of carcass
weight (ham and loin)
YORKSHIRE/LARGE WHITE
• Origin: Northern England
• Characteristics: white in color
with freckles, broad face and
slightly curvature, good mothers
and have large litter, great
milkers
• Tend to develop carcasses with
excess back fat
DUROC
• Originated from United States
• Very light golden to very dark
red color, medium length,
drooping ears, small head
• Well adapted to environmental
conditions, superior breed in
terms of growth rate and feed
efficiency
HAMPSHIRE
• Origin : Southern England
• With white belt around its shoulder
including the foreleg, shoulder is
smooth and well arched
• Good feed efficiency and excellent
length and ham-loin percentage
• Low litter size at birth and
weaning, poor mothering ability
BERKSHIRE
• Originated from South Central
England
• Short upturned nose, erect ears
but inclined forward, black
color with six white points,
excellent meat type,
• Small litter size, late maturing
and thick back fat
PIETRAIN
• Originated from Belgium
• The breed is medium-sized and
white with black markings.
Around the black spots, there are
typical bands of light
pigmentation carrying white hair.
POLAND CHINA
• Origin: Southwestern Ohio aka
“Hot Type or Big Type”
• Black in color with six distinct
white points, medium length
and slightly curved face,
drooping ears and jowl is full
OTHER PUREBREEDS

Gloucester Old Spot Chester White Hereford

Tamworth Large Black Meishan

Diani – upgrade of native pigs (Batangas) with Berkshire
Kaman – upgrade of native pig (Batangas) with Duroc
Berkjala – 5/8 Berkshire and 3/8 Jalajala pig (Rizal)
Miracle Pig – ½ Large White, ¼ Landrace and ¼ Native
SYNTHETIC BREEDS (HYBRIDS)

Pig Improvement Co.

 These are hybrids pigs produced through genetic engineering, which aims to
take advantage of heterosis.

 Several commercial breeders have developed hybrid pigs using a terminal

sire with two-line crossbred gilt. Others have utilized a complete for-line
synthetic hybridization program, which claims to be better in exploiting
heterosis.

 In either case, synthetic hybridization involves the application of

comprehensive testing procedure, usually computer aided, to evaluate the
genetic quality of the purebreds. Technical expertise and material resources
are, therefore, required by this scheme.
PRODUCTIONS SYSTEMS
• Sow Herd Enterprise
• Farrow to feeder operation – starts with pregnant gilt/sow to produce pigs/weanlings
to be sold to other raisers
• Farrow to finish operation – starts with pregnant gilt/sow to produce pigs/weanlings
until slaughter weight is achieved
• Farrow to breeder operation – starts with pregnant gilt/sow to produce breeder
stocks (junior boars and replacement gilt)
PRODUCTIONS SYSTEMS
Growing-Finishing Enterprise – starts with feeder/weanlings until slaughter weight (80
to 95kgs) highly profitable.
•Profit in this operation can be influenced by:
o The availability and continuous supply of good quality feeder pigs.
o Cost of feeds and feeder pigs.
o The capacity of the operation in avoiding losses from diseases, pests and other
animal health hazards.
o The price, which the buyers are willing to pay for the finished hogs.
Advantages:
 Although capital requirements are high, the rate of capital turnover
is relatively faster than the sow herd enterprise.
 Since the producers’ start with 10-15kg, he avoids the very
demanding management problems associated with breeding sows
and managing their newborn piglets.
Disadvantages:
 The penalty for slow growth is relatively high because of the
difficulty of predicting accurately the performance of the feeder pigs
especially when they are assembled from farms with sub-standard
management.
• Boar for Hire Enterprise – starts with a young boar which
producers raise and trains until breeder age. Boars are hired to breed
gilts/sows in a community.
Profitability of this enterprise depends on:
• the quality of the boar
• Number and quality of the sows served by the boar.
• Willingness of the customers to use the boar and to pay the
breeding fee.
• Capacity of the operator to avoid losses from mechanical injuries.
 Advantages:
 The boar for hire enterprise can be started with relatively small capital and the
return to investment comes quickly.
 It may serve as a supplementary or primary source of income by a rural
family
 If properly managed, it helps in improving the quality of pigs produced by the
farmers within the service area of the boar.
Disadvantage:
 The penalty for halting operation due to possible disease problems may be heavy
because of frequent contact with sows and gilts from different farm holdings.
 If the operator becomes too careless in managing the enterprise, he can ruin the
swine industry in the community because of the great capacity of the boar in disease
transmission especially the common disease of reproduction
MANAGEMENT OF THE BOAR
The boar is one of the most important animals in a pig enterprise.

One boar will generally produce 15 to 20 times as many offspring per

year as do breeding female in the herd.

Boars must possess the genetic potential to sire, feed efficient, fast
growing slaughter pigs with exceptional carcass quality.

Boars can be kept healthy provided with good living condition

Transporting Newly-Purchased Boar
Proper transportation of boars minimizes stress, possibility of injury or disease that
may affect subsequent boar performance in the breeding herd.

Recommendation:
1. Use safe, well-built loading and unloading facilities. These should be free of sharp
objects, inclined at a reasonable angle, and be well bedded.
2. Use a divider in the truck when hauling strange boars to prevent injury caused by
fighting.
3. Clean and disinfect the truck before and after transporting the boar.
4. Provide suitable bedding: sand, sawdust or straw.
5. Protect against wind, extreme cold, rain or heat.
6. During hot weather, transport boar in a well- ventilated truck using moist
bedding.
7. Avoid hauling boars that have been fed just before loading, especially during hot
weather.
Handling The Newly-Purchased Boar
 Proper management of a new boar during his first two months on the
farm greatly improves the chance of becoming a useful, aggressive
breeder.

 Quarantine. Isolate the new boars for 30 days in a clean and

disinfected facility separated from the main breeding herd.

 Blood test. During the quarantine period, have

a veterinarian make a visual inspection and take a blood sample to
test for the boar’s previous exposure to transmittable disease.
Test for brucellosis or leptospirosis. These two diseases are commonly
associated with abortion and the production of weak or dead pigs.
Handling The Newly-Purchased Boar
 Parasite Treatment. Use a broad-spectrum anthelmintic for treatment
against endo- and ecto-parasites.

 Vaccination. One week after deworming, vaccinate/re-vaccinate your

boars. Check the vaccination program where the boar came from and
check it with your own.

 Introducing New Herd Mates. During the 30 day quarantine period,

introduce several market animals or place some of the swine herd
manure into the new boar pen. This exposes the boar to strains of
microorganisms that may be present in the new environment and allow
him to develop some immunity.
Assessing The Boar Breeding Potential
It is important to check the fertility and breeding
capacity of young and inexperienced boar in order to
avoid serious losses due to low conception rate and
small litter size at birth. This can be accomplished
either by semen evaluation or by test mating.

Semen Evaluation

This is the easiest and the fastest way of estimating the

fertility of the boar, it is done by collecting fresh
semen sample and then its volume, motility,
concentration and morphology should be examined by
a qualified technician.
Test Mating

Test mating provides an opportunity to observe the

new boars’ sexual behaviour and his ability to save the gilt
normally.

A training phase consists of teaching the young boar

proper procedure for mounting a female and successfully
breeding her
 The first service is crucial to a young boar so it should
be with a suitable female. A quiet, cooperative, docile
and strongly in heat sow is preferred.
 Always take the female to the boar pens.
 Observe the boar’s ability to protrude his penis,
produce a proper erection and to enter the vagina.
Prevent anal services and watch for a limp infantile
(small) or tied penis.
 Observe the mated female(s) from 18 to 24 days after
breeding to determine return to heat.
 If possible check the offspring for abnormalities, meat
type, growth rate, feed efficiency and cull problem
boars
Boar Health Care
The precautionary health measures needed by newly-
purchased boars depend largely on the soundness of the
previous health care received by the animal at the source.

In order to avoid the introduction of serious health problem

into the production herd, the following measures are
suggested:

1. Purchase a boar only from an established farm and give

priority to a farm with a sound health program.

2. Always ask for the health record of the prospective

boars and closely examine it.
Feeding Boars
 Feed boars 2.3 to 3.0 kg of ration with a
13 to 14% crude protein.

 The exact level will depend on breeding load,

conditions of the boar and climatic condition.

 Provide fresh water at all time (as high as 4 to 5 liters

of water per kg of air-dry feed).

 Avoid drastic changes in the diet of and in the

method or system of feeding the boar.

 Don’t over- or underfeed.

Housing Environment for Boars
1. Keep boars in comfortable and individual pen or stall that is
draft-free and dry. The pen measurements is 0.6 m x 2.1m with a
height of 1.1 meters. If the boar pen doubles as the service area,
allow between 5 to 7 square meter of floor area.
2. Use of individual pens or stalls
eliminate fighting, riding, and
competition for feed.
3. Install high and strong pen
partitions and gates to prevent boars
from jumping over and injuring
themselves.
4. Keep boars cool and comfortable
during the hot summer months
Reproductive Phenomena of Boar
A boar should start serving at 8 months of age.
Sexual maturity is a gradual process in which
sperm production and sexual desire begins
concurrently in increasing intensity.
Some boars reach sexual maturity as early as
100 to 147 days of age.
Boars below 8 months generally produce a
smaller volume and inferior quality of semen.
Breeding Efficiency
 The frequency of service must be regulated to conform to the physiological capacity to
produce adequate supply of viable sperm cells.
 As the boar becomes older, there is an increase in his
semen volume and total sperm production.

Junior Boar
Recommended Senior Boar
Number of Service (8 months to 1 (more than 1 year)
year)

Day 1 2

Week 5 7

Month 20 30
Reproductive Problems of the Boar
A. Lack of libido and failure of the boar to breed
1. Genetic problem that results in abnormal sex drive (Culling is
recommended)
2. Temperature may be too high. Heat stressed boars are inclined to breed
less frequently and satisfactorily.
3. The boar may have been injured during a breeding attempt.
4. Feet and leg problems (lameness, hoof injury)
5. Too fat, consequently lacks stamina and libido.
6. Not properly fed.
7. Not handled properly especially during the first mating.
B. Failure of the females to conceive through the
mediation of the boar.

1. Improper breeding technique of the boar may be the

cause, it is possible that the boars do not remain in
contact with the female long enough.
2. The boars may be afflicted with a particular disease or
if motile sperms are present, it is likely that the sows
have a disease.
3. The problem may be the result of general infertility that
could be of genetic origin.
4. There may be a physical or anatomical defect in the
reproductive tract of the male.
Quiz #1

1. The country’s total swine inventory as of September 30, 2023?

2. Region that recorded the highest swine population of 1.35 million
heads?
3-5. Give 3 disadvantages of swine production.
6. Breed of swine that possess a very light golden to very dark red color,
medium length, drooping ears, and small head.
7. Breed of swine that is originated from Southwestern Ohio and also
known as Hot Type or Big Type?
8. A breed of swine with ½ Large White, ¼ Landrace and ¼ Native pig?
9-11. enumerate the 3 Production Systems of Swine.
12. Recommended housing space for boars?
13-15. Illustrate the breeding efficiency of junior and senior boars.
Laboratory Exercise

1. Tabulate/enumerate the following:

a. volume of production in metric tons (MT) and total inventory (by farm
type) of each livestock and poultry species from 2019 to 2023
b. percentage change of production of each livestock and poultry
species
c. top five regions producing the specified commodities in 2023
2.) Describe the current situation/status of the poultry and livestock industry in
the Philippines
3.) Enumerate and describe the contribution of at least three technologies/programs
that the Philippine government and/or other organizations have
promoted/implemented to help develop the country’s livestock and poultry sector.
Farm Animals Year (2019- Total Inventory by Farm Type Total Volume of
2023) Production (MT)
Smallhold Semi- Commercial
commercial
Chicken 2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

Swine 2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

Cattle 2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!
REFERENCES:

Swine Situation Report | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines. (2023, July 1).
https://psa.gov.ph/livestock-poultry-iprs/swine/inventory

Pig Breeds | The Pig site. (n.d.). https://www.thepigsite.com/knowledge-centre/breeds

Global pig production: Sow inventories 2024 - leading producers. (n.d.). https://www.pig333.com/late
st_swine_news/sow-inventories-of-the-leading-pig-producing-countries-in-2024_19769/