ANATOMY CLASS
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is
composed of 206 bones that, along
with cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments, make up the framework
or skeleton of the body.
2 division of Human skeletal
system
1.Axial Skeleton
2.Appendicular
AXIAL SKELETON
• It is made up of the 80 bones within the central core of
your body. This includes bones in your head, neck, back
and chest. Your axial skeleton protects and cushions your
brain, spinal cord and organs.
• It also composed of skull and associated bones, thoracic
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones. The primary
bones of this skeleton are the shoulder or pectoral girdle, arms,
hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet.
• The primary function of the appendicular skeleton is to
facilitate movements made by the human body
• it composed of pectoral girdles , upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and
FUNCTION OF THE BONES AND
JOINTS
• Provides shape and support for the body
• Protect internal Organs
• Provides attachments for major muscles
• Produces blood cells in the red marrow of certain
bones
• Bones serve as a storage place for minerals such as
Four types of bones
1.Long bones
2.Flat bones
3.Short bones
4.Sesamoid bones
LONG BONES
• Long banes are those bones found in the legs and arms. They
are hollow, yet strong and lightweight. These bones' length
exceeds their width.
• They are thickest toward the middle of the bone because the
strain is greatest at this region.
FLAT BONES
• Found in ribs, breastbone, sh pelvis, bones of the skull, and
shoulder bones (scapula). They are thin in appearance, which
is ideal for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft
or vital organs of the body.
SHORT BONES
• like those in the hands and feet, support weight and
allow many Dmall movements. Irregular bones are
irregularly shaped.
• The wrist bones (carpals), ankle bones (tarsals), and
vertebrae are eamples of irregular bones.
SESAMOID BONES
• Sesamoid bones are small and rounded in appearance.
They assist in the proper functioning are of the
muscles. These bones are enclosed in a tendon and
among the sesamoid bones. adjacent to joints.
• The patella or knee cap is the largest among the
Periosteum
-Made up of connective tissues and bone forming cells
involved in the growth and repair of the bone.
Compact bone
-Compact bone is a dense connective tissue that provides
support. It contains bone cells, blood vessels, and a
flexible protein base, which keeps bone from becoming
Spongy bone
-Spongy bone is a loosely structured network of
separated connective tissues, which looks like a
honeycomb. Spongy bone has many small open
spaces, so it is much lighter in weight and softer
than compact bone. Spongy bone is mostly found
at the ends of long bones, like the humerus and
femnur. Some cavities in a spongy bone are filled
with a soft tissue called bone marrow.
Cartilage
-a flexible nonvascular tissue that acts like a
cushion that absorbs shock at the joints and
JOINTS: FASTEN BONES TOGETHER
• Bones do not simply work on their own. Almost all of the 206
bones of the human body are connected to one another. These
connections are called joints.
• As mentioned earlier, the end of each bone is covered by a
tough, smooth, shiny substance called cartilage.
• The cartilage-coated bone ends are kept apart by a thin film of
slippery fuid called the synovial fluid, which works like oil in a
car. This ensures that your bones will not scratch and bump
against each other when you move, and withstand great
pressure and stress brought about by daily activities.
• Bones are also held together by strong, stretchy bands called
ligaments. They help stabilize joints and prevent joints from
moving too far in one direction. Most sports-related injuries
are caused by an impact that causes the joints to overextend
and force ligaments to stretch beyond their limits.
• Bones are also connected to muscles by a dense connective
tissue called tendons.
3 Types of joints
1.Immovable joints
2.Slightly movable joints, and
3.Freely movable joints.
1.Fixed or immovable joints
• occur when bones are fused together by a protein
called collagen, thus little or no movement is
allowed. Immovable joints hold the bones of the
adult human skull and the bones of the pelvis
together.
• The cranial bones of the skull are joined by a type
of immovable joint called sutures, in which the
bones are divided only by a thin layer of
2.Slightly movable joints
• permit bones to have limited movement.
The vertebrae of the spine are joined by
cartilaginous joints, which are a kind of
slightly movable joint.
• They help you absorb vertebral shocks like
when you fall out of a tree and land on your
feet.
3.Freely movable joints
• The human body has a wide range of
motion due to the presence of freely
movable joints: ball-and-socket,
hinge, pivot, gliding, and saddle
joints.
• Ligaments, which are connective
tissues that are able to stretch,
connect the bones in movable joints.
Freely movable joints include
COMMON BONE
DISEASES, THEIR
SYMPTOMS, AND
1.Osteoporosis:
-Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so
brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or
coughing can cause a break. Osteoporosis-related breaks most
commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine. Bone is living tissue
that is constantly being broken down and replaced. Osteoporosis
occurs when the creation of new bone doesn't keep up with the loss
of old bone.
Risk Factors: It most commonly affects non-Hispanic white
Symptoms: There typically are no symptoms in the early stages
of bone loss. But once your bones have been weakened by
osteoporosis, you might have signs and symptoms that include:
•Back pain, caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
•Loss of height over time.
•A stooped posture.
•A bone that breaks much more easily than expected.
Treatment: Lifestyle modifications (exercise, calcium, vitamin
D), medications to improve bone density, and fall prevention
2.Osteopenia:
-Osteopenia is a loss of bone mineral density (BMD). Lower BMD
indicates you have fewer minerals in your bones than you should,
which makes bones weaker.
Symptoms: Typically asymptomatic. Osteopenia has no signs or
symptoms, but a painless screening test can measure bone
strength. Certain lifestyle changes can help you preserve bone
density and prevent osteoporosis.
Treatment: Similar to osteoporosis management, including
