Ratios, Proportions

Ratios, proportions and scale

drawings
There are many uses of ratios and proportions.
We use them in map reading, making scale
drawings and models, solving problems.
 The most recognizable use of ratios and
proportions is drawing models and plans for
construction. Scales must be used to
approximate what the actual object will be
like.
 A ratio is a comparison of two quantities by
division. In the rectangles below, the ratio of
shaded area to unshaded area is 1:2, 2:4, 3:6,
and 4:8. All the rectangles have equivalent
shaded areas. Ratios that make the same
comparison are equivalent ratios.
Ratio
Is a comparison by division of two
quantities of the same kind. The result
of the comparison is a number without
unit. The order of the term in the
ratio is important. The ratio a:b is not
the same as the ratio b:a.
Rate
Is one way to compare how two
quantities of different kind vary from
each other.

e.g. which is a better to buy, a sachet

of fabric conditioner at P5.00 mL or
another packaging of the same brand
that cost P237.50 per 50mL.
A ratio of one number
to another number is
the quotient of the
first number divided
by the second. (As long as
the second number ≠ 0)
 A ratio can be written in a variety of ways.

You can use ratios to compare quantities or describe

rates. Proportions are used in many fields,
including construction, photography, and medicine.

a:b a/b a to b
Since ratios that make the same comparison
are equivalent ratios, they all reduce to the
same value.

2 3 1
= =
10 15 5
 Using ratios
The ratio of faculty members to
students in one school is 1:15.
There are 675 students. How
many faculty members are
there?
faculty 1
students 15

1 = x
15 675

15x = 675

x = 45 faculty
Ratio with Three or More
Terms
Illustrative Problems:
Three friends formed a partnership.
The ratio of the number of capital
contribution of Jack and Jill is 5:6:4.
Ratio with Three or More
Terms

Find the ratio of the capital

contribution of Jack : Jill : John. If
the total amount of capital
contribution is P279,000, how much is
the contribution of each partner?
Ratio with Three or More
Terms

Jack : Jill = 5:6

Jill : John = 4:3
Jack : Jill : John = 20:24:18
 Proportions
Two ratios that are equal
A proportion is an equation that states that
two ratios are equal, such as:
 In simple proportions, all you need to do is
examine the fractions. If the fractions both
reduce to the same value, the proportion is
true.
This is a true proportion, since both fractions
reduce to 1/3.

5 2
=
15 6
In simple proportions, you can use this same
approach when solving for a missing part of a
proportion. Remember that both fractions
must reduce to the same value.

To determine the
unknown value, you
must cross multiply.
(3)(x) = (2)(9)
3x = 18
x=6
Check your proportion
(3)(x) = (2)(9)
(3)(6) = (2)(9)
18 = 18 True!
 So, ratios that are equivalent are said to be
proportional. Cross Multiply makes solving or
proving proportions much easier. In this
example 3x = 18, x = 6.

If you remember, this is

like finding equivalent
fractions when you are
adding or subtracting
fractions.
1) Are the following true proportions?

2 10 2 10
=
= 3 15
3 5
2) Solve for x:

4 x
=
6 42
3) Solve for x:

25 5
=
x 2
 Solve the following problems.

4) If
5) A house
4 tickets
whichto is
a show
appraised
cost for ₱10,000
₱9.00, find the
payscost
of300
₱ 14 in
tickets.
taxes. What should the tax be on a house
appraised at ₱15,000.
 Types of Proportion

DIRECT PROPORTION

When two or more quantities increase or

decrease in the same ratio, then their
relationship is called a direct proportion.
 Types of Proportion

Example: A shoemaker finishes 3 pairs of men’s

shoes for every 5 pairs of ladies’ shoes that his
son finishes. At the same rate, if the
shoemaker finishes 45 pairs of men’s shoes, how
many pairs of ladies’ shoes can his son finish?
3 : 5, or 𝟑/𝟓 ratio of the men’s shoes to ladies'
shoes (father and son)
 Types of Proportion

INDIRECT PROPORTION

An INDIRECT PROPORTION exists between

two quantities if, as one quantity decreases,
the other quantity increases proportionately.
 Types of Proportion
Example: Suppose you are putting up a
tailoring business. Using your budget P6,000,
you need to buy cloth for your business, and
you have the following to choose from:

Cloth A: P120 per yard

Cloth B: P100 per yard

 Types of Proportion
If you choose cloth A, the number of yards you can buy
is as follows:
6,000/120 = 50 yards
From this equation, we can form the following equation:
(120) (50) = 6000
On the other hand, if you choose cloth B, the number
of yards you can buy:
6,000/100 = 60 yards
From this equation, we can also form the following
equation:
(100) (60) = 6000
 Types of Proportion

From the given situation, we can form this equality:

(120) (50) = (100) (60)

Both the left side and the right side of the equality
are equal to 6,000, which is called the constant of
proportionality of the indirect proportion between the
price of cloth and the number of yards of cloth.
 Types of Proportion
In general, if the following equality represents an
indirect proportion:
a:b=c:d
then ab=cd

Difference between the two types of proportion is as

follows:
Direct proportion: If a : b = c : d, then ad=bc
Indirect proportion If a : b = c : d then ab=cd
 Types of Proportion
Ex. The table shows the number of
carpenters working together and their
corresponding number of days to finish a
certain task. Solve for N, which is the
number of days that the 12 carpenters can
finish the same task.

Number of Carpenters Number of Days

8 18
12 N
 Types of Proportion

So, if the proportion is 8 : 18 = 12 : N, we have the

following:
ab = cd
Checking: ab = cd
(8) (18) = (12)(N)
(8) (18) = (12) (12)
144/12 =N
144 = 144
12 = N (12 carpenters can finish the task in 12
days)
 Types of Proportion

PARTITIVE PROPORTION

Partitive proportion is a proportion

that requires dividing a number or
quantity into two or more parts that
are not necessarily equal, according
to a given ratio.
 Types of Proportion
Example:
Suppose a man owns 15 hectares (ha) of land. He wants
to divide the land into unequal areas based on ratio of
2 : 3. The smaller area will be used for the shelter of
his animals and the other area for planting crops.
First, we needed to “partition” the whole land into 5
parts (that is, 2 parts + 3 parts). So, we can also say
that:
2 out of the 5 total parts of the land (or 2/5)
are for the animals; and
3 out of the 5 total parts of the land (or 3/5)
are for the crops.
Second, we need to find 2/5 and 3/5 of 15 ha; that is ,
2/5 x 15 = 6 ha (land for animals)
3/5 x 15 = 9 ha (land for crops)
 Types of Proportion
A partitive proportion may also involve a
ratio of more than two terms.
Example 2:
A woman will divide her 20-ha land among her
three children in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 5. How
many hectares of land will each child get?
Answer and solution:
2 + 3 + 5 = 10 parts
a. 2/10 x 20 = 4 ha.
b. 3/10 x 20 = 6 ha.
c. 5/10 x 20 = 10 ha.
Identifying the Type of
Proportion
Identifying the Type of
Proportion

2. Ann, Jane, and May shared P360 stamps among

themselves in the ration of
3 : 4 : 5. How many stamps did Ann get?
PP 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 parts
3/12 x 360 = 90 (therefore, Ann will get
90 stamps)
 Identifying the Type of
Proportion
3. Four packs of canned sardines cost ₱300. How many
packs of canned sardines can you buy with ₱750?

4. It takes 8 hours for one janitor to clean 20

identical windows. If 3 janitors who are equally skilled
will work together, how long will they finish the same
task?
 Identifying the Type of
Proportion

5. In a certain contest, a cash incentive amounting to

₱2,000 will be divided among three awardees – namely,
the champion, first runner-up, and the second runner-
up – in the ratio of 5 : 3 : 2. How much will each
awardee receive?