MODU LE S

16- 18
by: G ro u p 5
Presen ted
 MODULE
HUMAN RESPONSES TO
EMERGING 16:
Challenges in
Contemporary Societies
(INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP AND
PARTICIPATORY Governance)
INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP AND PARTICIPATORY
GOVERNANCE ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF
UNDERSTANDING WHAT PEOPLE, AS CITIZENS IN
SOCIETY, CAN DO TO RESPOND TO THE
CHALLENGING ISSUES IN TODAY’S SOCIETY.

INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP REFERS TO PEOPLE’S

UNDERSTANDINGS OF WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A
CITIZEN GO TO THE HEART OF THE VARIOUS
MEANINGS OF PERSONAL AND NATIONAL IDENTITY,
POLITICAL AND ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION, AND
RIGHTS (KABEER, 2005).
THE IDEA OF INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP, PUT FORWARD
BY THE STATE, GIVES CITIZENS A SENSE OF
BELONGINGNESS IN SOCIETY. IT FOSTERS THE IDEA
THAT ALL CITIZENS ARE INCLUDED AND PART OF
SOCIETY REGARDLESS OF THEIR COLOR, GENDER,
RELIGION, OR SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS.

IN A DEMOCRACY SOCIETY, CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN

POLITICS IS ENCOURAGED. HOWEVER, THIS
PARTICIPATION IS SOMETIMES CONTESTED. ONE OF THE
LEADING ORGANIZATIONS ESPOUSING THE GOAL OF
HAVING MORE GOVERNMENTS ALLOWING INTENSIVE
CITIZEN INTERACTION IN POLICYMAKING IS THE UNITED
NATIONS (UN).
THE VIEW ON INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP
BELIEVES THAT MARGINALIZED GROUPS
AND INDIVIDUALS SHOULD BE
EMPOWERED AND INCLUDED IN POLITICAL
PROCESSES. AMONG THE GROUPS THAT
HAVE BENEFITED FROM THE EMERGENCE
OF INCLUSIVE AND LIBERAL VIEWS ON
CITIZENSHIP ARE WOMEN, THE POOR, AND
THE UNEDUCATED.
CITIZENS ARE BENEFICIARIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE
PROGRAMS AND OTHER PUBLIC SERVICES AND ARE
GUARANTEED PROTECTION FROM INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL THREATS.

POLITICAL EFFICACY - IT RELATES TO AN INDIVIDUAL'S

PERCEPTION OF HIS CAPACITY TO INFLUENCE THE
POLITICAL SYSTEM TOWARD A POLITICAL END.
POLITICAL WILL - IT IS THE EXTENT OF
ENGAGEMENT THAT AN INDIVIDUAL HAS WITH THE
POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE ATTEMPT TO ACHIEVE A
GOAL.
PUBLIC GOVERNANCE IS "THE PROCESS
AND INSTITUTIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING". Public
governance has three sub-categories
namely, civic, political, and development
governance. Civic and political
governance concern issues related to
human rights.
WE DEFINE PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE, AS STATE-
AUTHORIZED PROCESSES ALLOWING CITIZENS TO VOICE
OPINIONS AND VOTE ON POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR LIVES.
IT DIFFERS FROM REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY BY ACTIVELY
ENGAGING CITIZENS IN DECISION-MAKING.

INCLUSIVE CITIZENSHIP AND PARTICIPATORY

GOVERNANCE AID IN CREATING RESPONSES TO
SOCIETAL CHALLENGES BY PROVIDING PUBLIC
OFFICIALS WITH CITIZEN INSIGHTS TO PRIORITIZE
AND ADDRESS ISSUES
 MODULE 17:
HUMAN RESPONSES TO
EMERGING Challenges in
Contemporary Societies
( NEW FORMS OF MEDIA)
The internet is slowly transforming the news
media because more people are relying on
online sources of news instead of traditional
print and broadcast media. Two decades ago,
many people may not have heard of Twitter,
Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, and Google.
Now, these websites have become part of our
everyday lives. This revolution has transformed
media and society and helped to create what
has been called an information society or a
network society.
MEDIA, WHICH IS THE PLURAL FORM OF THE WORD
MEDIUM, REFERS TO THE COLLECTIVE OR DIFFERENT
COMMUNICATION TOOLS USED TO STORE AND
DELIVER VARIETY OF INFORMATION AND DATA SUCH
AS PRINT MEDIA, THE PRESS, PHOTOGRAPHY,
ADVERTISING, CREATIVE ARTS, MOVIES,
BROADCASTING, ENTERTAINMENT, AND PUBLISHING.
IN SHORT, MEDIA REFERS TO ALL PRINT, DIGITAL, AND
ELECTRONICS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION.
NEW FORM OF MEDIA IS A GENERIC TERM FOR
VARIOUS FORMS OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
MADE POSSIBLE BY DIGITAL OR COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY.

SOCIAL MEDIA IS AN INTERNET-BASED TECHNOLOGY THAT

ENABLES USERS TO SHARE IDEAS, INFORMATION, AND
PERSONAL CONTENT THROUGH VIRTUAL NETWORKS AND
COMMUNITIES. IT FACILITATES QUICK COMMUNICATION
USING VARIOUS DEVICES LIKE COMPUTERS, TABLETS, AND
SMARTPHONES, OFTEN INVOLVING MESSAGING AND THE
SHARING OF DOCUMENTS, VIDEOS, AND PHOTOS
(DOLLARHIDE, 2020).
SOCIAL NETWORKING INCLUDES FORMS OF ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION THAT FACILITATE SOCIAL INTERACTION AND THE
INFORMATION OF ONLINE COMMUNITIES THROUGH THE EXCHANGE
OF USER-GENERATED TEXT. SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES TAKE
ON MANY FORMS INCLUDING BLOGS, BUSINESS NETWORK,
ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS, FORUMS MICROBLOGS, PHOTO
SHARING, PRODUCTS AND SERVICE REVIEWS, SOCIAL
BOOKMARKING SITES, LIKE FACEBOOK, YOUTUBE, AND TWITTER,
ARE MORE POPULAR THAN EVER, AND THEY HAVE CHANGED THE
WAY PEOPLE USE THE INTERNET. THESE SITES ALLOW PEOPLE TO
KEEP IN TOUCH WITH THEIR FRIENDS, SHARE INFORMATION, PLAN
EVENTS, AND ENGAGE IN VARIOUS ONLINE ACTIVITIES.
10 TYPES OF SOCIAL
MEDIA AND WHAT
THEY'RE USED FOR
SOCIAL NETWORKS- TO CONNECT WITH
PEOPLE (AND BRANDS) ONLINE.
EXAMPLES: FACEBOOK, TWITTER, LINKEDIN

MEDIA SHARING NETWORKS TO FIND AND

SHARE PHOTOS, VIDEO, LIVE VIDEO, AND
OTHER MEDIA ONLINE.
EXAMPLES:INSTAGRAM, SNAPCHAT, YOUTUBE
DISCUSSION FORUMS-TO FIND, DISCUSS,
AND SHARE NEWS, INFORMATION, AND
OPINIONS. EXAMPLES: REDDIT, QUORA, DIGG

BOOKMARKING AND CONTENT CURATION

NETWORKS-TO DISCOVER, SAVE, SHARE, AND
DISCUSS NEW AND TRENDING CONTENT AND
MEDIA.
EXAMPLES: PINTEREST, FLIPBOARD
CONSUMER REVIEW NETWORKS TO FIND, REVIEW,
AND SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT BRANDS,
PRODUCTS, AND SERVICES, AS WELL AS
RESTAURANTS, TRAVEL DESTINATIONS, AND MORE.
EXAMPLES: YELP, ZOMATO, TRIPADVISOR

BLOGGING AND PUBLISHING NETWORKS—TO

PUBLISH, DISCOVER, AND COMMENT ON

content online.
INTEREST-BASED NETWORKS—TO
CONNECT WITH OTHERS AROUND A SHARED
INTEREST OR hobby.
Examples: Goodreads, Houzz, Last.fm

SOCIAL SHOPPING NETWORKS—TO SPOT

TRENDS, FOLLOW BRANDS, SHARE GREAT
FINDS, and make purchases.
Examples: Lazada, Shopee, Zalora, etc.
SHARING ECONOMY NETWORKS—TO
ADVERTISE, FIND, SHARE, BUY, SELL, AND TRADE
products and services between peers.
Examples: Airbnb, Uber, TaskRabbit

ANONYMOUS SOCIAL NETWORKS— TO

COMMUNICATE ANONYMOUSLY.
EXAMPLES: Omegle, Whisper, Ask.fm
THE RISE OF NEW FORMS OF MEDIA AND
SOCIAL NETWORKING HAS MADE AN
IMPACT both on the personal and
societalevel. Due to the accessibility of
sharing content in different online
platforms, the reach and speed of
information dissemination have improved.
 MODULE 18
HUMAN RESPONSES TO
EMERGING Challenges in
Contemporary Societies
( SOCIAL MOVEMENTS)
SOCIAL MOVEMENT IS A CONSCIOUS, COLLECTIVE,
ORGANIZED ATTEMPT TO BRING ABOUT
or resist change in the social order by
noninstitutionalized means." It connects large groups of
people that share common interests and goals about
society.

SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ARE

FORMALLY ESTABLISHED ASSOCIATIONS ARISING
FROM A SOCIAL MOVEMENT. THEY PURSUE SPECIFIC
INTERESTS OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT, BUT THEY
ARE ONLY PART OF A LARGER WHOLE, WHICH IS
THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT.
A SOCIAL MOVEMENT INVOLVES THREE KEY ELEMENTS:
INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS, AND SOCIETY. INDIVIDUALS
RECOGNIZE THEIR OWN QUALITIES AND VALUES, WHICH
MOTIVATES THEM TO ACT BASED ON THEIR BELIEFS. WHEN
SOCIETAL CHANGES OCCUR, THEY RESPOND AND CONNECT
WITH OTHERS WHO SHARE SIMILAR VIEWS. THIS
INTERACTION FOSTERS COLLABORATION AMONG
INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS TOWARDS COMMON GOALS.

THE GOALS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AIM TO CREATE CHANGE

FOR INDIVIDUAL WELFARE AND THE COMMON GOOD,
LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF MOVEMENTS ACROSS
SOCIETIES. DAVID ABERLE (1966) CATEGORIZED SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS BASED ON PARTICIPANT NUMBERS AND THE
EXTENT OF THEIR IMPACT.
ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE LIMITED GOALS
THAT OFTEN RELATE TO SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE
THAT SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS WOULD LIKE TO ALTER. THIS MAY
INCLUDE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ADVOCATING FOR THE
INDIVIDUAL’S BENEFIT SUCH AS ALCOHOLICS.ANONYMOUS
(AA), WHICH PRIMARILY FUNCTIONS AS A SUPPORT GROUP
FOR RECOVERING ALCOHOLICS.

REFORMATIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENT IS THE

OPPOSITE OF ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS,
BUT THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE MOVEMENT IS ON A
WIDER SCALE.
REDEMPTIVE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS TEND TO GATHER
PARTICIPANTS FROM SPECIFIC SECTORS OF THE SOCIETY
WITH A GOAL OF RADICALLY CHANGING THE STATUS OF
INDIVIDUL members. Religious groups and cults have
such impacts.

REVOLUTIONARY SOCIAL MOVEMENT IS WHEN THE

CHANGE THAT IS EXPECTED IS RADICAL AND THE
BENEFICIARY INCLUDES EVERYONE. THE COMMUNIST
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN CHINA LED BY MAO-TSE-
TUNG IS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS, AS IT CHANGED THE
ENTIRE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF CHINA.
 TYPES OF
SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
1.ACCORDING TO SCOPE: A MOVEMENT CAN BE
EITHER REFORM OR RADICAL. A REFORM MOVEMENT
ADVOCATES CHANGING SOME NORMS OR LAWS
WHILE A RADICAL MOVEMENT IS DEDICATED TO
CHANGING VALUE SYSTEMS IN SOME FUNDAMENTAL
WAY.

2. ACCORDING TO CHANGE: A MOVEMENT MIGHT

SEEK CHANGE THAT IS EITHER INNOVATIVE OR
CONSERVATIVE. AS INNOVATIVE MOVEMENT WANTS TO
INTRODUCE OR CHANGE NORMS AND VALUES WHILE A
CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT SEEKS TO PRESERVE
EXISTING NORMS AND VALUES.
3. According to Targets: Group- focused
movement focus on influencing groups or
society. An individual- focused movement
seeks to affect individual.

4. ACCORDING TO METHODS OF WORK:

PEACEFUL MOVEMENTS UTILIZE TECHNIQUES
SUCH AS NONVIOLENT RESISTANCE AND CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE. VIOLENT MOVEMENTS RESORT
TO VIOLENCE WHEN SEEKING SOCIAL CHANGE.
5. ACCORDING TO RANGE: GLOBAL MOVEMENTS,
SUCH AS COMMUNISM IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
HAVE TRANSNATIONAL OBJECTIVES. LOCAL
MOVEMENTS ARE FOCUSED ON LOCAL OR REGIONAL
OBJECTIVES SUCH AS PRESERVING AN HISTORIC
BUILDING OR PROTECTING A NATURAL HABITAT.
LEVELS OF SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
 LOCAL -LOCAL LEVEL REGIONAL- REGIONAL LEVEL
MOVEMENTS ARE MOVEMENTS ARE SOCIAL
THOSE ACTIONS THAT MOVEMENTS THAT ARE
BIGGER IN AREA AND IN
PUSH CHANGE IN A
SCOPE COMPARED TO LOCAL
LOCAL AREA MOVEMENT.
NATIONAL- NATIONAL LEVEL GLOBAL- GLOBAL MOVEMENTS
IS BIGGER IN SCOPE BECAUSE CONCERNS ALL PEOPLE AROUND
THE MOVEMENT CONCERNS THE WORLD. THEIR ISSUES ARE
THE WHOLE NATION OR
NOT ONLY CONTAINED IN LOCAL,
COUNTRY AND IT INVOLVES
REGIONAL, OR NATIONAL LEVEL
NATIONAL POLITICS OR
ECONOMY. BUT ON A GLOBAL SCALE.
STAGE 1: EMERGENCE
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS BEGIN WHEN INDIVIDUALS
RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC SOCIETAL PROBLEMS, OFTEN
STEMMING FROM DISSATISFACTION OR INCREASED
AWARENESS OF ISSUES. THIS INITIAL PHASE, CALLED THE
EMERGENCE OR "SOCIAL FERMENT" STAGE, IS
CHARACTERIZED BY A LACK OF ORGANIZATION AND
PRIMARILY INDIVIDUAL ACTIONS RATHER THAN COLLECTIVE
EFFORTS. PEOPLE MAY EXPRESS THEIR GRIEVANCES
INFORMALLY, SUCH AS DISCUSSING CONCERNS WITH
FRIENDS OR WRITING LETTERS TO LOCAL
REPRESENTATIVES, BUT THESE ACTIONS ARE NOT YET
STRATEGIC OR COORDINATED. ADDITIONALLY, HEIGHTENED
MEDIA COVERAGE OF NEGATIVE CONDITIONS CAN AMPLIFY
THE GENERAL SENSE OF DISCONTENT WITHIN THE
COMMUNITY.
STAGE 2: COALESCENCE.
SOCIAL UNREST OFTEN BEGINS WITH INDIVIDUAL
COMPLAINTS. COALESCENCE OCCURS WHEN THESE
COMPLAINTS BECOME A CLEARLY DEFINED SENSE OF
DISCONTENT, FOCUSING ON SPECIFIC ISSUES AND
RESPONSIBLE PARTIES. THE MOVEMENT DEVELOPS A
PLAN OF ACTION, RECRUITS MEMBERS, AND GAINS
PUBLIC ATTENTION. IT TRANSITIONS FROM RANDOM
INDIVIDUALS TO AN ORGANIZED, STRATEGIC GROUP.
STAGE 3: BUREAUCRATIZATION
BUREAUCRATIZATION IS THE STAGE DEFINED BY
BLUMER AS FORMALIZATION, IS CHARACTERISED BY
HIGHER LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION. IN THIS STAGE,
THE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAD PROBABLY MADE SOME
AWARENESS THAT SOCIAL MOVEMENT
ORGANISATIONS NOW NEED TO HAVE A
COORDINATED STRATEGY AND THE SMO NOW RELIES
TO A PERSON WITH SPECIALISED KNOWLEDGE TO
RUN THEIR DAY TO DAY OPERATION.
STAGE 4: DECLINE
the last stage the social mi ovement life cycle is decline,
or
"institutionalization." Miller (1999) argues, there are four
ways in which social movements can decline:
• Repression,
• Co-optation,
• Success, and
• Failure,

OTHERS HAVE ADDED ESTABLISHMENT WITH

MAINSTREAM AS ANOTHER WAY IN WHICH THEY
DECLINE (MACIONIS, 2001).