TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

AND ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

Bimboy C. Cueno
 DEFINITION OF TRAFFIC

- refers to the movement of persons, goods, or

vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn vehicle, from one
place to another for the purpose of safe travel
- The word traffic originates from Greco-
Roman word “Trafico” with reference to the
movement of people. The Greek originally
called the system “Trafriga” after the
early horse-drawn chariots with spoked wheels.
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Manpower- early humans used
carrying pole, sled, back load and
tumpline.

Animal power- the use of animals such as

dogs, donkeys, reindeer, etc.

Wind power- invention of boats, ships

which are powered by wind
 ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

THE ROMANS
WHEEL
were the major road builders
was invented probably in in the ancient world
Western Asia
Roman road networks reached
one of man’s great a total of about 50,000 miles
inventions (80, 000 km)
CANALS RAILWAYS
-a body of water used to be -channel of transportation
channel of sea wherein a parallel line of irons
transportation were used as roads
-the first canal was -the first railroad is the
constructed by Engr. James Stockton and Darlington line
Brindley (1925)
 PERSONALITIES IN TRANSPORTATION

Nicolaus Otto Gottlieb Daimler

First invented a four stroke First invented a motorcycle in
internal combustion engine 1885. Late became a
called “OTTO CYCLE successful automobile
ENGINE” in 1876 manufacturer.

Montgolfier Brothers
Ferdinand Verbiest
Invented the first balloon
Built the first steam constructed of linen and
powered vehicle in 1672. it inflated with hot air. It could
was a small scale toy for travel 9,000 yards and
the Chinese emperor remained in the air for 20
minutes
 PERSONALITIES IN TRANSPORTATION

Orville and Wilbur Alberto Santos Dumont

Wright (Brothers)
One of the pioneers of lighter-
First built the biplane kite than-air craft. He invented
then over 200 different several airships and in 1901,
wing types which they made a 30 minute tip flight
tested and was able to between St. Louis and the
successfully flew in North Eiffel Tower.
Carolina in 1903.

Capt. Charles Lindergh Otto Lilienthal

Made the first solo flight German inventor who also
from New York to Paris in made studies on the flight of
1927, in a plane especially birds. In 1891 he made the first
built for the flight- the Spirit glider flights which had
of St. Louis profound influence on the
development of aviation.
 RUDOLF DIESEL
A German engineer who invented the first
internal combustion engine which is similar
with the gasoline engine but requires no
electrical ignition system or carburetor and
uses a form liquid fuel- the DIESEL FUEL.
 J.P. KnightDEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
A railway engineer who first
installed traffic lights outside the Lester Wire
British Houses of Parliament in
A policeman who first invented
London in 1868. it had arms and
the first red-green electric
red and green gas lamps for night
traffic light .
use. Unfortunately, it exploded in
1869 injuring the policeman
operator.

The first traffic signal

The Americans system only
The modern electric traffic lights is comprised colors red
an American invention.
and green, and a
buzzer.
 MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION

1. Physical Inadequacy- lack of roads, bridges, traffic

facilities, etc.
2. Poor control measures- ineffective mechanical
control devices, ineffective and inefficient traffic
officers, poor implementation of traffic laws.
3. Human errors- poor driving habits, pedestrian
mistakes, poor planning, poor legislation,
biorhythm, etc.
4. Poor maintenance- unrepaired and cracks on road
pavement, damage lights, inappropriate budget
 PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
(THE 5 E`S OF TRAFFIC)

Engineerin Educatio Enforcemen

g n t

Ecology/
Econom
environmen
t y
 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

the science of measuring traffic and travel,

the study of basic laws relative to the traffic
law and generation; the application of these
knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, deciding, and operating traffic
system to achieve safe and efficient
transportation of persons and goods
 AGENCIES UNDER TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1.DPWH- has responsibility on determining traffic laws, draw

origin and destination, as well as in charged with planning
and approving funds for construction of national roads and
the maintenance and repair of roads.
2.Provincial governments- has same responsibility with DPWH
but limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within its
jurisdiction.
3.Municipal governments- its responsibility is the same with
the provincial government but limited to the network of
streets and roads within the Barangays.
4.Chartered cities- limited to the network of streets and roads
within the city jurisdiction.
 TRAFFIC EDUCATION

• - the process of giving training and practice

in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge
 AGENCIES UNDER TRAFFIC EDUCATION

1.Schools- has the responsibility of imparting

knowledge concerning traffic safety, road courtesy,
traffic behaviors.
2.Public information office- dissemination of traffic
information through newspapers, social media, and
radio.
3.Citizen support groups- these composed the non-
government organizations that can help in
developing citizens sense of responsibility and
 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

• the action taken by the police, such as

arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket and
providing warning to the erring driver for the
purpose of deterring and discouraging and or
preventing such violation.
 AGENCIES UNDER TRAFFIC
ENFORCEMENT
1. LTO- responsible for registration of vehicles, driver`s
licensing, and coordination with the PNP as to stolen
vehicles.
2. Legislative bodies- responsible in the passing or the
amendment of laws. These includes the senate,
congress, and the city or municipal councils.
3. Police Traffic Enforcement- these includes the MMDA,
PNP-TMG, Police Auxiliaries, and LTO flying squad.
 TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

- the study of potentially disastrous

population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried
out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
transport congestion which result therein
 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
•Noise
•Vibration
•Air pollution
•Dirt
•Congestions
•Changes in the amount of light
•Loss of privacy
•Etc.
 TRAFFIC ECONOMY

deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our

economy. Some major effects are increase in oil prices, rising
prices of commodities, reduce individual productivity due to
traffic congestion.
 TRAFFIC LAWS

•Republic Act 4136- Land Transportation Code of the Philippines

•Republic Act 6539- Anti Carnapping Act
•Republic Act 8749- Clean Air Act
•Republic Act 7924- an act that created the Metropolitan Manila
Development Authority (MMDA)
•Presidential Decree 612- requiring compulsory insurance for all
types of motor vehicles
•Presidential Decree1686- imposing tax on vehicles having air
condition
 DEFINITION OF MOTOR VEHICLE

• a) “Motor Vehicle” shall mean any vehicle

propelled by any power other than muscular
power using the public highways, but excepting
road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers,
sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not
used on public highways, vehicles which run only
on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and
traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for
agricultural purposes.
 COMPULSORY REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

• All motor vehicles and trailer of any type

must be registered with the Land
Transportation Office.
• Any registration of motor vehicles not
renewed on or before the date fixed by
the LTO shall become delinquent and
invalid.
REGISTRATION CLASSIFICATION

Private For Hire

Governmen Diplomati
t c
 REGISTRATION CLASSIFICATION

(a) Private. – Motor vehicles registered under this

classification shall not be used for hire under any
circumstance.
(b) For Hire. – Motor vehicles registered under this
classification are those covered by certificates of
public convenience, or special permits issued by
the Board of Transportation, and shall be subject
to the provisions of the Public Service Act and the
rules and regulations issued thereunder, as well
 REGISTRATION CLASSIFICATION

(c) Government. – Motor vehicles owned by the

government of the Philippines or any of its
political subdivisions shall be registered under
this classification.
(d) Diplomatic. Motor vehicles owned by foreign
governments or by their duly accredited
diplomatic officers in the Philippines and used in
the discharged of their official duties.
 NOTE

Tourists bringing their own motor vehicles to the

Philippines may, however, without registering such
motor vehicles, use the same during but not after
ninety (90) days of their sojourn.
If such tourists remain in the Philippines longer than
ninety (90) days, the motor vehicle shall not be
operated unless registered in accordance with this Act
and the corresponding registration fees paid.
Duty to have License. – It shall be unlawful for
any person to operate any motor vehicle
without having in his possession a valid
license to drive a motor vehicle. The license
shall be carried by the driver at all times.
DRIVER`S LICENSES

Non-
Profe
Profe
ssion
ssion
al
al
 REQUIREMENTS /QUALIFICATIONS FOR
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER`S LICENSE

•18 years of age

•possesses a valid student-driver’s permit for at least six
months
•NBI or Police or Court clearance
•Medical Certificate
•Taxpayer`s Identification Number
•Passed written and practical exams
• Other Qualifications: physically and mentally fit to operate a motor
vehicle, able to read and write in Filipino or English, Must not be a drug
user and/or alcoholic, Must be clean, neat and presentable.
 REQUIREMENTS/QUALIFICATIONS FOR
NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER`S LICENSE

•17 years of age

•Student permit (at least 1 month old to be valid)
•Medical Certificate
•Must have passed the written and practical examinations
•Taxpayer`s Identification Number
•Other Qualifications: physically and mentally fit to operate a
motor vehicle, able to read and write in Filipino or English, Must
not be a drug user and/or alcoholic, Must be clean, neat and
presentable.
 NEW REQUIREMENT

• A completion certificate for a Theoretical Driving

Course (TDC) for new student-driver permits and foreigners
with expired permits. The certificate will be given upon
completion of a 15-hour course.
• For a new driver’s license will be required to submit a
completion certificate for a Practical Driving Course (PDC) if
their student-driver permits were issued from August 3
onwards. The certificate will be given upon completion of at
least 8 hours of practical driving lessons.
 RENEWAL OR REPLACEMENT OF LOST
LICENSE
Any license not renewed on or before the last working
day prior to the expiry date of such shall become
delinquent and invalid. For a renewal of a delinquent
license, there shall be collected as delinquency fee, in
addition to the basic fee as prescribed.

In case the license has been lost or cannot be produced,

the licensee shall apply for a duplicate of the original on
file by filing a sworn statement that such license has
been lost and that a thorough and diligent search was
 REASONS A LICENSE CAN BE REVOKED

• Willful misrepresentation with respect to material

information in one’s application;
•Connivance with the officer in the irregular conduct of
examinations or issuance of a license;
•Falsification of documents;
•Cheating during examinations;
•Driving a motor vehicle used in the commission of
a crime. (JAO 2014-01b)
•Transferring, lending, or otherwise allowing any person
to use his/her license
 REASONS A LICENSE CAN BE REVOKED

• 3 violations of any provisions of this act or any

municipal or city ordinance relating to motor vehicle
traffic within a period of one year.
• non-professional driver’s license holder has been
found to have been driving a motor vehicle under the
influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and other similar
substances for the second time/conviction.
•Reckless driving committed after the third offense by a
non-professional driver’s license holder. (JAO 2014-01e)
 STUDENT-DRIVER’S PERMIT

No student-driver shall operate a motor vehicle, unless

possessed of a valid student-driver’s permit and
accompanied by a duly licensed driver.
 QUALIFICATION/REQUIREMENTS FRO
STUDENT-DRIVER’S PERMIT
•Must be at least 16 years old.
•Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle.
•Must be able to read and write in Filipino or English.
•Must not be a drug user and/or alcoholic.
•Must be clean, neat and presentable.
•Original and Photocopy of Birth Certificate.
•Taxpayer’s Identification Number (TIN)
•Notarized Parent / Guardian letter of consent.
•(For 19 Years Old & Above)
•Authenticated Birth Certificate with Official Receipt.
•Any legal or government issued documents.
•Taxpayer’s Identification Number (TIN)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS
 EXEMPTION

(1)A physician or his driver when the former responds to

emergency calls;
(2) The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from the
place of accident or other emergency;
(3) Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency;
(4) The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces
while in use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or
invasion;
 EXEMPTION

(5) The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in

pursuit of a criminal;
(6) A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of
traffic laws; and
(7) The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire
department.
 OVERTAKING A VEHICLE

• The driver of any motor vehicle overtaking another vehicle

proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a safe distance to
the left thereof, and shall not again drive to the right side of the
highway until safely clear of such overtaken vehicle.
• except that on a highway, having two or more lanes for the
movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may
overtake and pass another vehicle on the right.
• Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit a driver
overtaking and passing, upon the right, another vehicle which is
making or about to make a left turn.
 DRIVER TO GIVE WAY TO OVERTAKING
VEHICLE

• The driver of a vehicle about to be overtaken and

passed by another vehicle approaching from the
rear shall give way to the overtaking vehicle on
suitable and audible signal being given by the
driver of the overtaking vehicle, and shall not
increase the speed of his vehicle until completely
passed by the overtaking vehicle.
 RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING
(a) The driver of a vehicle shall not
drive to the left side of the center
line of a highway in overtaking or
passing another vehicle proceeding
in the same direction, unless such
left side is clearly visible, and is
free of incoming traffic.
 RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING
• (b) The driver of a vehicle shall not
overtake or pass another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, when
approaching the crest of a grade, not
upon a curve in the highway, where the
driver’s view along the highway is
obstructed within a distance of five
hundred feet ahead, except on a
highway having two or more lanes for
movement of traffic in one direction
 RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING
(c) At any railway grade crossing, nor at
any intersection of highways unless such
intersection or crossing is controlled by
traffic signal, or unless permitted to do
so by a watchman or a peace officer,
except on a highway having two or more
lanes for movement of traffic in one
direction where the driver of a vehicle
may overtake or pass another vehicle on
the right.
 RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING
(d) The driver of a vehicle shall
not overtake or pass, or
attempt to pass, any other
vehicle, proceeding in the
same direction, between any
points indicated by the placing
of official temporary warning or
caution signs indicating that
men are working on the
highway.
 RESTRICTIONS ON OVERTAKING AND
PASSING
• (e) The driver of a vehicle shall
not overtake or pass, or
attempt to overtake or pass,
any other vehicle proceeding
in the same direction in any
“no-passing or overtaking
zone.”
 RIGHT OF WAY

(a) When two vehicles

approach or enter an
intersection at approximately
the same time, the driver of
the vehicle on the left shall
yield the right of way to the
vehicle on the right.
 RIGHT OF WAY
• (b) The driver of a vehicle
approaching but not having
entered an intersection, shall yield
the right of way to a vehicle within
such intersection or turning therein
to the left across the line of travel
of such first-mentioned vehicle,
provided the driver of the vehicle
turning left has given a plainly
visible signal of intention to turn as
 RIGHT OF WAY
(c) The driver within a business or
residential district shall yield the right
of way to a pedestrian crossing such
highway within a crosswalk, except at
intersections where the movement of
traffic is being regulated by a peace
officer or by traffic signal. Every
pedestrian crossing a highway within
a business or residential district, at
any point other than a crosswalk
shall yield the right of way to vehicles
upon the highway.
 RIGHT OF WAY
(d) The driver of a vehicle upon a
highway shall bring to a full stop
such vehicle before traversing
any “through highway” or
railroad crossing: Provided, That
when it is apparent that no
hazard exists, the vehicle may
be slowed down to five miles
per hour instead of bringing it to
a full stop.
 RIGHT OF WAY
e) The driver of a vehicle entering
a highway from a private road
or drive shall yield the right of
way to all vehicles approaching
on such highway.
 RIGHT OF WAY
(f) The driver of a vehicle
upon a highway shall yield
the right of way to police or
fire department vehicles
and ambulances when such
vehicles are operated on
official business and the
drivers thereof sound
audible signal of their
approach.
 TURNING AND PARKING

• (a) The driver of any vehicle upon a highway, before starting,

stopping or turning from a direct line, shall first see that such
movement can be made in safety, and if any pedestrian may be
affected by such movement, shall give a clearly audible signal by
sounding the horn, and whenever the operation of any other
vehicle approaching or following may be affected by such
movement, shall give a signal plainly visible to the driver of such
other vehicles of the intention to make such movement.
• Before turning either left or right be sure to give a signal at least
30 meters before you make the turn. This gives ample time and
consideration to vehicles following behind.
TURNING AND PARKING
 TURNING AT INTERSECTIONS

• a) The driver of a vehicle

intending to run to the right
at an intersection, in turning,
shall keep as close as
possible to the right-hand
curb or edge of the highway.
 TURNING AT INTERSECTIONS

(b) The driver of a vehicle intending

to turn to the left shall approach
such intersection in the lane for
traffic to the right of and nearest to
the center line of the highway, and,
in turning, shall pass to the left of
the center of the intersection.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
AND ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION

Bimboy C. Cueno
ALSO AVAILABLE: PPT,
PDF COPY OF REVIEW
MATERIAL
 PARKING PROHIBITED IN SPECIFIED PLACES

(a) Within an intersection.

(b) On a crosswalk.
(c) Within six meters of the intersection of curb
lines.
(d) Within four meters of the driveway entrance to
and fire station.
(e) Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
(f) In front of a private driveway.
(g) At any place where official signs have been
Commandments Of Traffic
1. Keep Right - (two lanes, two ways) in case of one way the left
lane shall be the fast lane and the slow lane is the right.

2. Observe Road Courtesy-yield to emergency vehicle,

pedestrians, trains, vehicle with right of way, vehicles ahead, large
vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight traffic,
and traffic signs
1. Traffic Law Enforcement- the action taken by the police to compel
obedience to traffic laws and ordinance regulating the use and
movement of motor vehicle for the purpose of creating a deterrent to
unlawful behavior by all potential violators

2. Traffic Law Enforcer- a person duly deputized by an agency of

government authorized by law to enforce traffic laws, rules and regulations

3. Police Traffic Law Enforcement- the part performed by the police

and other agencies with police power including deterrent to law
violations created by the presence of uniformed police officer and their
special equipment, special assistance to court and prosecutor and incidental
service to highway users

4. Court Traffic Law Enforcement- performed by the court through

adjudication and penalization
Duties Of Driver In Case Of Accidents
-Stop immediately.
-Show the license to the victim and give the true
name, address and contact number. Driver is not
allowed to leave the scene without aiding the
victim.
 DUTY OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT

No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident

shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim,
except under any of the following circumstances:

1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any

person or persons by reason of the accident;
2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or
3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim.
Hit And Run Investigation-This applies to drivers who failed to
stop at a road accident

Legal cases to be filed:

1.Abandonment of one’s victim
2.Failure to lend assistance
3.Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide
4.Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to property
5.Failure to render assistance to victim
6.Violation of section 55 of RA 4136
7.Civil liability
Police Court Enforcement Process: Five Essential Steps
1.Detection - wholly police activities and entails looking for defects in the
behavior motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition.
2.Apprehension - a police responsibility wherein the police are required
action to prevent continued and future violation.
3.Prosecution - it is a court function, the police also provides corresponding
influence through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact
with the prosecution office.
4.Adjudication - it is court function, the police provides influence on this
step by as a witness to the prosecution by supplying additional evidence. It
determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
5.Penalization - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. Penalty can be
influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the police.
Police traffic enforcement actions-these include arrest and citation of any person
Purposes:
1. Prevent such violation from endangering the public and in convenience
2. Prevent continued violation
3. Discourage future violation

Kinds Of Enforcement Actions

1. Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It is made when:
• the offense is serious;
• detection is needed to avoid continued violation; and
• there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear in court.
2. Traffic citation - made to compel violators to appear in court in absence of arrest.
3. Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in order for him to not do it
again. No arrest or citation is made.

Types Of Warning
1. Visual warning- using gestures and signals.
2. Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly enacted law
3. Written warning - combination of two preceding types with written note of citation.
Traffic Violations under Anti-Drunk Driving (RA 10586:
"Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013″)

Section 5. Punishable Act. – It shall be unlawful for any person

to drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol,
dangerous drugs and/or other similar substances.

Section 6. Conduct of Field Sobriety, Chemical and

Confirmatory Tests. – A law enforcement officer who has
probable cause to believe that a person is driving under the
influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and/or other similar
substances by apparent indications and manifestations,
including overspeeding, weaving, lane straddling, sudden stops,
swerving, poor coordination or the evident smell of alcohol in a
person’s breath or signs of use of dangerous drugs and other
similar substances, shall conduct field sobriety tests.
If driver fails in the sobriety tests- the law enforcement officer must
implement the mandatory determination of the driver’s blood
alcohol concentration level through the use of a breath analyzer or
similar measuring instrument.

If law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe that a

person is driving under the influence of dangerous drugs and/or
other similar substances- law enforcement officer to bring the driver to
the nearest police station to be subjected to a drug screening test
and, if necessary, a drug confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act
No. 9165.

Note: Law enforcement officers and deputized local traffic enforcement

officers shall be responsible in implementing this section.

Drunken Drivers- it is a driver who drives under the influence of alcohol with
10% of intoxicating level
Field Sobriety Test
1. Walk on straight line
2. One foot balance
3. Reading
4. Spelling
5. Counting from 1 to10
6. Video tape the movement
7.Photograph the unguarded movement

Chemical Test
1. Blood test
2. Urine test
3. Perspiration test
4. Breath test
5. Skin test
Section 7. Mandatory Alcohol and Chemical Testing of Drivers
Involved in Motor Vehicular Accidents. – A driver of a motor vehicle
involved in a vehicular accident resulting in the loss of human life or physical
injuries shall be subjected to chemical tests, including a drug screening test
and, if necessary, a drug confirmatory test as mandated under Republic Act
No. 9165, to determine the presence and/or concentration of alcohol,
dangerous drugs and/or similar substances in the bloodstream or body.

Section 8. Refusal to Subject Oneself to Mandatory Tests. – A driver of

a motor vehicle who refuses to undergo the mandatory field sobriety and drug
tests under Sections 6, 7 and 15 of this Act shall be penalized by the
confiscation and automatic revocation of his or her driver’s license,
in addition to other penalties provided herein and/or other pertinent laws.
R.A. 10913: Anti-Distracted Driving Act
Distracted Driving. - refers to the performance by a motorist of
any of the following acts in a motor vehicle in motion or
temporarily stopped at a red light, whether diplomatic, public or
private, which are hereby declared unlawful:
(a) Using a mobile communications device to write, send, or
read a text-based communication or to make or receive calls, and
other similar acts; and
(b) Using an electronic entertainment or computing device to
play games, watch movies, surf the internet, compose messages,
read e-books, perform calculations, and other similar acts.
Important Notes:
(a)The operation of a mobile communications device is not considered to be distracted
driving if done using the aid of a hands-free function or similar device such as, but not
limited to, a speaker phone, earphones and microphones or other similar devices which allow
a person to make and receive calls without having to hold the mobile communications
device: Provided, That the placement of the mobile communications device or the
hands-free device does not interfere with the line of sight of the driver.

(b) Wheeled agricultural machineries such as tractors and construction equipment such as
graders, rollers, backhoes, payloaders, cranes, bulldozers, mobile concrete mixers and the
like, and other forms of conveyances such as bicycles, pedicabs, "habal-habal", trolleys,
"kuligligs", wagons, carriages, carts, sledges, chariots or the like, whether animal or human-
powered, are covered by the provisions of this Act as long as the same are operated
or driven in public thoroughfares, highways or streets or under circumstances where
public safety is under consideration.

(c) The provisions of this Act shall not apply to motorists of motor vehicles which are
not in motion, except those which are stopped momentarily at a red light, or are pulled over
to the side of the road in compliance with a traffic regulation.
Exemptions. - The provisions of this Act shall not apply to the
following:
(a) A motorist using a mobile phone for emergency purposes, including,
but not limited to, an emergency call to a law enforcement agency, health
care provider, fire department, or other emergency services, agency or entity;
and
(b) A motorist using a mobile phone while operating an emergency
vehicle such as an ambulance, a fire truck, and other vehicles providing
emergency assistance, in the course and scope of his or her duties.

Liability of Owner and/or Operator of the Vehicle Driven by the

Offender. - The owner and/or operator of the vehicle driven by the
offender shall be directly and principally held liable together with the
offender for the fine unless he or she is able to convincingly prove that he
or she has exercised extraordinary diligence in the selection and
supervision of his or her drivers in general and the offending driver in
particular.
R.A. 10666: Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act of 2015
Prohibition. – It shall be unlawful for any person to drive a two (2)-wheeled
motorcycle with a child on board on public roads where there is heavy
volume of vehicles, there is a high density of fast moving vehicles or where a
speed limit of more than 60/kph is imposed, unless:

(a) The child passenger can comfortably reach his/her feet on the standard
foot peg of the motorcycle;
(b) The child’s arms can reach around and grasp the waist of the motorcycle
rider; and
(c) The child is wearing a standard protective helmet referred to under
Republic Act No. 10054, otherwise known the "Motorcycle Helmet Act of
2009."

Exception. – Notwithstanding the prohibition provided in the preceding

section, this Act shall not apply to cases where the child to be transported
requires immediate medical attention.
R.A. 11226: Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act

Mandatory Use of Child Restraint System in Motor Vehicles. It shall be unlawful for the
driver of a covered vehicle not to properly secure at all times a child, in a child restraint
system while the engine is running or transporting such child on any road, street or highway
unless the child is at least one hundred fifty (150) centimeters or fifty-nine (59)
inches in height and is properly secured using the regular seat belt.

Exemptions:
(1) During medical emergencies;
(2) When the child transported has a medical or developmental condition; or
(3) Other analogous circumstances prescribed under the implementing rules and regulations
(IRR).

Children in Rear Seats. - No child twelve (12) years and below of age shall be allowed to
sit in a front seat of a motor vehicle with a running engine or while such child is being
transported on any road, street or highway, unless the child meets the height requirement
set forth (150 cm or 59 inches) of this Act and is properly secured using the regular seat belt
in the front seat.
1. Stationary traffic observation - officer is assigned at specific
place
2. Conspicuous traffic observation - officer attracts attention
3. Visible traffic observation - stationary observation that the
observer is in full view
4. concealed traffic observation - observer is not visible to the
public

Stopping And Approaching Traffic Violators

It must be done with consideration to safety of both parties
engaging
Upon approaching officer must be from the left side from the rear,
be alert
Objectives In Dealing With Violators
Immediate objective- to act against the person
Ultimate objective- to change the future of a person
Traffic Supervision, Direction And Control- an act of
overseeing the traffic to keep order on street and highways within
existing laws
Police Traffic Direction - It involves telling the public how and
when they should not stand and move.
Point/ Area Control-It is the part of the traffic direction
concerning the control of vehicular/ pedestrian movement
Police Traffic Escort-It involves mobile supervision of traffic
movement, directing orally and visually are done to allow free and
safe movement of escorted vehicles
Means Of Directing
1. Signaling 2. Whistling 3.Gestures

Hand Signal
1. Use uniform signals
2. It must be clear
3. Don’t make verbal
4. Be alert, stand erect
5. Look to the person when signaling
6. Arm signal should be shoulder high
7. Supplement it with whistle
8. Hang your hand when not in use
9. Constant waving of hands causes confusion
10.Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body
11.When stopping point to a man you want to stop
12.Hand signal should be with arm and palm facing the person

Whistle Signal
13.One long blast for STOP
14.Two short snappy blast for GO
15.Three blast to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE
Gesture In Stopping
-Point the arm and index finger toward the vehicle to be
stopped then show your palm
-Repeat the process at the opposite side
-Not lower your arm until traffic is ceased

Gesture To Start Traffic

-Stand sideways
-point your index finger toward the vehicle to start, hold
it till he verified, swing your hand up to your chin
-drop and repeat the process at the opposite side
-Use it when they are slow or hesitant to move
Right Turn Gestures
-Not required at intersection
-Point to the vehicle you want to turn and
point to the direction of turning
-Vehicles to your left for right turn
bend your left arm and allow a thumb sign

Left Turn Gestures

-Vehicles turn left from right, stop
vehicle from right and direct vehicle to the left
-Left turn vehicle from your right, turn around and repeat the
procedure above
-Street with one lane only
Two-Officer Traffic-The team leader shall initiate command
followed by the members.

Traffic Jam- It is caused by such factors as vehicular accident,

stalled vehicle, absence of traffic enforcer and road construction.

Procedures In Traffic Jam

1.Determine the cause
2.In case of accident conduct fast investigation
3.In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to
place
4.Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic
5.Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure no. 1
6.Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam
CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS
1. Danger Warning Signs- sign that will warn motorists on
possible hazard or danger.

2. Regulating Signs
- priority signs
- prohibitory signs
- mandatory signs

3. Informative Signs
- advance sign
- place identification sign
- confirmatory sign
Principles Of Signs

1.Red triangle connotes hazard

2. Red ring with diagonal line

connotes prohibition

3. Blue/ green provides

Information

4. Signs on blue disc give

positive instruction
International Sign
1. Round and red; regulatory movement

2. Round black yellow sign, warning sign

3. Equilateral triangle red sign, directing

to yield the right of way

4. Octagon red and white, STOP

5. Red triangle and black sign,

approaching danger zone
Pavement Markings
1.Arrows point to direction

2.Straight lines means no overtaking

3.Broken lines means

overtaking is allowed
Kinds Of Traffic Accidents - In the investigation of traffic
accidents, it is imperative for the traffic investigator to know the
kinds of accidents occurred in order to map out the necessary
activities to be done when responding and investigating.

1. Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- refers to any accident

occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way
or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in
motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a trafficway)
2. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident- any motor vehicle
accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic
way (ex. Accident on a private driveway)
3. Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident- any motor vehicle accident
occurring on a traffic way (ex. Collision between automobiles on a
highway)
General Key Events In A Vehicular Accident

1. Perception Of Hazard – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or

unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to
happen
2. Start Of Evasive Action – it is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a
collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard
3. Initial Contact – the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise
avoids a hazard
4. Maximum Engagement – it is the greatest collapse or overlap in a collision; the force
between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement
5. Disengagement – it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which
it has collided; the force between the object ceases at this time
6. Stopping – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the
accident situation
7. Injury – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not necessarily occur after the
accident but within any of the chain of events; it may also happen right after the evasive
action taken by the drivers involved or during the initial contact
Specific Key Events in a Traffic Accident

1. Point of Possible Perception – is the place and time at which the

unusual or unexpected movement or condition could have been perceive by a
normal person.
2. Delay in Perception or Perception Time – it is the time between the
point of possible perception and actual perception.
3. Prompt Perception – is the perception of hazard which is actually nearly
the possible accident.
4. Maximum Delayed Perception – occurred when the traffic unit does not
sense a hazard until he hits another vehicle.
5. Point of No Escape – is the place and time after or beyond which the
accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit under consideration.
6. Point of Impact – is used to mean as the point of initial contact,
sometimes it is considered the point of maximum engagement or center of
force.
7. Final Position – is the place and time when the object involved in the
accident finally come to rest without application of power.
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

I. Upon learning the incident check the following:

What happened
Who are involved
Where and when it happened
How it happened
Why it happened
When it happened
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

II. When Emergency Under Control

1. Preliminary question to driver
- who is driving
- ascertain sign of nervousness
2. Gather clues for identification
3. Ask other witnesses
4. Examine driver’s condition
- check the license and other record
- check registration
- verify ownership
- account step by step events
5. Position and location of vehicles
- lights
- gear position
- mark the position of vehicle
- look for the unusual things inside the car
6. Form preliminary opinion
7. Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring
8. Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

III. After Getting Short-Lived Evidence

Make a test skid
Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest
Complete examination of vehicle
Locate key event or point of impact
Additional photographs
- vehicle damages
- view obstruction
- present condition
- control devices
6. Measure scale or diagram
7. Get additional facts at the scene
8. Report to station by radio
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

IV. After leaving the scene

1. Get the medical report
2. Notify the relatives
3. Develop the photographs
4. Analyze the specimen
5. Complete accident report, made copies andfile.
6. Complete data on the investigators’ report
7. Reconstruct the accident
8. Complete the investigation and file it
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

V. If The Case Goes To Court

1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case.
2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data
3. Make a pre-trial conference
4. Testify in court
5. Arrange the file for future purposes

In case of injuries:
1. Stop arterial bleeding
2. Ask for help
3. Protect the wound for exposure
4. Cordon the place
Steps To Be Taken During Traffic Accident

V. If The Case Goes To Court

1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case.
2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data
3. Make a pre-trial conference
4. Testify in court
5. Arrange the file for future purposes

In case of injuries:
1. Stop arterial bleeding
2. Ask for help
3. Protect the wound for exposure
4. Cordon the place
Classification of Accidents
According to Severity
• Fatal: Results in the death of one or more people
• Serious: Causes severe injuries that may have long-term effects
• Minor: Results in minor injuries that usually don't require medical
intervention

According to Type
• Traffic collision: A vehicle collides with another vehicle, a pedestrian,
an animal, or other obstruction
• Blunt trauma: An accident where someone is struck by or against an
object
• Falling: A person or animal loses stability and ends up in a lower
position

According to Location
• Work Accidents: Accidents that occur during working hours, or
before or after work if they are linked to work
• Slip-trip-and-fall accidents: Accidents that occur when someone
Classification of Traffic Accidents
1.Head-on Collision- are usually the most severe type of accident, as they
involve a direct impact between two vehicles travelling in opposite directions.
These types of accidents often result in road fatalities, particularly at high
speeds.

2. Rear-end Collision- Also known as a back collision, rear-end collisions

happen when one vehicle collides with the back of another vehicle that is
stationary or moving more slowly. A sudden acceleration of the rear vehicle or
deceleration of the front vehicle can also cause this type of collision.
3. Side-impact or T-Bone Collisions- When two cars collide at a
perpendicular angle, they are referred to as a T-bone crash or side-
impact collision. Usually, this type of collision occurs when a
vehicle jumps a traffic light at an intersection.

4. Sideswipe Collisions- Sideswipe occurs when one vehicle

collides with the side of another vehicle traveling in the same
direction. Commonly, the drivers of other vehicles do not notice
the vehicle drifts or skids into your lane without their knowledge.
When a vehicle sideswipes, it can lose control and careen off the
road or collide with another vehicle, person, or object.
5. Rollover- During a rollover accident, a vehicle flips over, tumbles, or lands
on its roof. "Turned turtle" is commonly used to describe a vehicle that
experienced a rollover accident. These crashes are usually violent and result
in severe damage, injuries, or even death.

6. Single Vehicle Collisions- Most accidents involve one vehicle and

typically occur when the drivers lose control of their vehicle and collide with
an object or spin off the road. Often, single-vehicle accidents are caused by
driver's errors, such as speeding or driving under the influence.

7.Multiple Vehicle Accident- When three or more cars are involved in a

single collision, it is a multiple-vehicle accident. A chain reaction from the first
collision usually leads to a vehicle pileup.
Types of Tire Marks
1.Skid Marks- Skid marks caused by
tires on roads occur when a vehicle
wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on
the surface of the road. Made by a
locked wheel caused by the application
of the brake. It can be analyzed to find
the maximum and minimum vehicle
speed prior to an impact or incident.

Types of Skid Marks

a. Acceleration marks- If the drive
tires are spinning faster than the vehicle
speed, heavy burn marks will be left on
the pavement at the initial point of
acceleration. The tire rib may be visible
in the center of the imprint.
b. Deceleration marks- occurs when
tires spinning slower than the vehicle
because of braking or downshifting.
When a vehicle brakes a greater portion
of the vehicles weight is transmitted to
the outer edges of the front tires. This
causes parallel skid marks.

c. Imprint marks- aren't exactly skid

marks because they aren't caused when
a tire skids on the asphalt rather they
are tire tracks. These occur when a car
veers off the road or drives though
water or mud and then the tires touch
the road, leaving an imprint of the tire
on the asphalt.
2.Yaw Marks- Made by a tire that
is rotating and sliding sideways
parallel to that wheel’s axle; also
referred to as sideslip or critical-
speed scuff marks.

3. Tire Scrub or scrub Marks -

Left by a wheel locked due to
damage. It is caused by the vehicle
being redirected as a result of
collision. Mark generally look like
irregularity shaped smears and are
characteristics of the point of
THE END