MODULE: EFFECTIVE TEACHING & LEARNING IN
EDUCATION
Group 1 Presentation
02/20/2025 1
Group 1 Members
Names Registration Number
Christophe NSENGIYUMVA 2405000912
Ildephonse TWAHIRWA 25011489
Elyse MUGENI 2405000090
Evariste HABUMUREMYI 2405000393
Jean Baptiste HABIMANA 2405000295
Esdras KWIGIRA 24050001162
Schadrack NIYITANGA 2401000082
Aime Cezar HAKIZIMANA 2409001130
Jean D’Amour NIYITANGIYIGIHE 2409001203
02/20/2025 2
TEACHER EDUCATION: PRESENTATION
OUTLINE
1. Introduction, elements of effective teaching and
learning: Chris
2. Setup of teacher education and development: Elyse
3. Basic requirements, teacher education and
development: Cesar
4. Status and limitations of the system: Evariste
5. Reform in teacher education since 1945 in
industrialized non-industrialized countries: Esdras
and Ildephonse
6. New developments in teacher education: Damascene
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1. Teacher Education: Introduction to the Elements of
Effective Teaching and Learning
Teacher Education – Purpose and Importance
A. Definition and Goal
Teacher Education aims to prepare future educators by equipping them with essential
principles, skills, best practices, and methodologies needed for effective
teaching.
The primary goal of teacher education is to enable future teachers to:
- Deliver effective teaching and guidance.
- Motivate learners to acquire knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes that
result in responsible citizenship.
B. Key Components of Teacher Education:
(i) Understanding Pedagogical Principles – Theories and practices of teaching
and learning (e.g.: lesson planning, classroom management, teaching methods,
and assessment).
(ii) Skill Development – Communication, technology integration, etc.
(iii) 6/25/2021
Learner-Centered Approaches – Adapting to diverse learning needs. 4
1. Teacher Education: Introduction to the Elements of Effective Teaching and Learning
C. Understanding Learning – Meaning and Nature
What is Learning?
Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, behaviors, values,
and attitudes through experience, study, or teaching.
It involves cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes that improve
performance and future learning. Some practical examples are:
1. Cognitive Changes: A student learning a new language starts recognizing words,
forming sentences, and eventually thinking in that language without translating.
2. Emotional Changes: A person who used to fear public speaking gains confidence
after practice. At first, they feel anxious, but over time, they develop self-assurance
and even enjoy presenting in front of others.
3. Behavioral Changes: A child who once used to scream when frustrated learns to
express feelings with words instead. Instead of screaming, they start saying, “I’m upset
because I lost my toy,” showing improved emotional regulation and social behavioral
change.
Nature of Learning:
- Learning is studied in various fields such as educational psychology,
neuropsychology, and pedagogy.
- "Learning is a process that leads to change," resulting in an increase in
knowledge, attitude, or behavior.
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1. Teacher Education: Introduction to the Elements of Effective Teaching
and Learning
D. Characteristics and Elements of Effective Learning
Key Elements of Effective Learning:
(i) Relatively Permanent – Learning leads to lasting change, not temporary
behavior. Example: A person who learns to ride a bicycle as a child can still ride it
years later, even after a long break. The skill stays with them because learning
created lasting neural connections.
(ii) Behavioral Change – The change can be seen in knowledge, skills, attitudes, or
actions. Example: A student who used to struggle with time management starts
using a planner and consistently submits assignments on time. This change in
habit and responsibility shows learning in action.
(iii) Experience-Based – True learning results from experience and practice, not
instinct or reflex. Example: A chef improves their cooking not by reading recipes
alone but by actually preparing meals, experimenting with flavors, and learning
from mistakes. Their skills grow through hands-on experience.
What Learning is NOT
- Temporary Changes due to fatigue, hunger, or drug influence.
- Natural Responses such as reflex actions or changes due to growth and maturation.
- Native or Temporal Reactions, which are not based on experience or practice.
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1. Teacher Education: Introduction to the Elements of Effective Teaching and Learning
E. Practical Implications and/or Elements of Effective Teaching:
(i) Active Learning Strategies: Encourage student participation and experiential
learning for deeper understanding. Example: A science teacher has students
conduct a hands-on experiment to test the effect of sunlight on plant growth instead
of just explaining photosynthesis through a lecture.
(ii) Assessment for Learning: Use formative assessments to track progress and
give feedback. Example: A math teacher gives students a short quiz after each
lesson, not for grades but to identify weak areas and adjust teaching accordingly.
(iii) Inclusive Teaching: Adapt teaching to meet diverse learner needs. Example:
A teacher provides audiobooks and visual aids for students with different learning
styles, ensuring that both visual and auditory learners grasp the content effectively.
(iv) Motivation and Guidance: Support students emotionally and academically to
foster lifelong learning. Example: A teacher regularly meets with struggling
students, encouraging them, providing study tips, and boosting their confidence to
help them stay engaged in learning.
(v) Linking Theory to Practice: Emphasize real-world applications to ensure skills
transfer beyond the classroom. Example: A business studies teacher assigns
students to create a mini business plan and present it, applying financial and
marketing concepts to real-world scenarios.
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2. The setup of teacher education and
development
The setup of teacher education and development involves several key
components that work together to equip educators with the knowledge,
skills, and competencies necessary for effective teaching. In most
countries, the set-up of Teacher Education typically consists of four main
components namely: general education, subject-matter preparation,
general professional education, and specialized professional education in
a given subject matter.
In order to ensure effective Teacher Education, trainees must be properly
oriented on the three major components of instruction: learning
objectives, assessments, and instructional activities.
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Cont’
The process of setting up teacher education and development can be
broken down into different processes such as Establish Clear Policies
and Frameworks The first step in setting up a teacher education system is
establishing clear policies and frameworks that outline the goals,
structures, and processes for teacher preparation and professional
growth.
For Example: in Rwanda, the National Teacher Policy (2014) outlines
the strategy for improving teacher quality in the country. The policy sets
clear objectives, such as increasing the number of qualified teachers,
enhancing teacher training at all levels, and improving professional
development.
2/15/2025 9
Cont’
Designing the Curriculum for Pre-Service Teacher Education: Pre-
service teacher education is where future teachers are trained before they
enter the classroom.
The curriculum should cover subject knowledge, pedagogy, classroom
management, and inclusive education. For Example: Teacher training
programs at Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs) in Rwanda offer a
curriculum that includes subject-specific content knowledge as well as
training in pedagogy and classroom management.
In Rwanda, there is also a strong emphasis on ICT integration. Teacher
Performance Management and Development (TPMD) system, which is a
tool used to monitor and evaluate teachers' performance after they enter
the classroom. This system provides feedback and opportunities for
improvement, contributing to the professional development of teachers.
2/15/2025 10
Cont’
Provide Mentorship and Support Systems Teachers, especially new
ones, need support in the form of mentorship. Pairing experienced
teachers with novice teachers helps them navigate the challenges of
teaching and fosters a sense of community within schools.
For example, in Rwanda, technical secondary offer teachers training
centers that empower the teachers who didn’t do education.
Promote Collaborative Learning and Peer Support Teachers benefit
from collaborating with their peers.
Setting up Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) within schools
or districts enables teachers to share ideas, discuss challenges, and learn
from one another’s experiences.
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Cont’
Example: Teachers in TSS education system where teachers work
together to solve problems, design lessons, and evaluate student learning.
This collaborative approach enhances the quality of teaching and helps
create a culture of continuous improvement.
Provide Mentorship and Support Systems Teachers, especially new
ones, need support in the form of mentorship. Pairing experienced
teachers with novice teachers helps them navigate the challenges of
teaching and fosters a sense of community within schools.
For example, in Rwanda through technical secondary offer teachers
training center that empowering the teachers who didn’t learn education.
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The Setup of Teacher Education and
Development: Conclusion
The setup of teacher education and development is a
multi-faceted process that involves formal education,
professional development, ongoing support, and
reflection. It's crucial to create a workforce of teachers
who are equipped to nurture the next generation of
learners. To achieve this, effective policies, continuous
investment, and a commitment to lifelong learning are
necessary.
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3.Basic Requirements of Teacher Education and Development
Effective teacher education and
development are crucial for ensuring that
teachers are well-equipped to provide
quality education. This process involves
both initial training before teachers enter
the classroom (pre-service) and continuous
learning throughout their careers (in-
service).here are requirements for teacher
education and development
Subject Knowledge: Teachers must
have a strong understanding of the
content they teach. For example, an
English teacher should be well-versed in
literature,
2/15/2025 grammar, and writing 14
Pedagogical Knowledge and Teaching Methods
In addition to content knowledge, teachers need a deep understanding of pedagogy (the
science of teaching) and effective teaching strategies. This includes knowledge of how
to deliver lessons, manage classrooms, assess student learning, and adapt teaching
methods to meet diverse student needs. For Example: In Rwanda, teacher education
programs focus on pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), where teachers learn
effective strategies to teach specific content areas in ways that align with students'
learning styles. For instance, a science teacher would learn not only the science content
but also how to make it engaging through experiments and demonstrations.
Cultural Competence and Inclusivity
Teachers must be culturally competent and capable of addressing the diverse needs of
their students. For example: In Rwanda, teacher education programs emphasize
inclusive education and cultural awareness, especially given the country’s ethnic history
and the importance of promoting national unity and reconciliation post-genocide.
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Pedagogical Skills: Teachers need to be trained in effective teaching
methods, such as active learning and differentiated instruction. For
instance, using group work and interactive activities to engage students.
Communication Skills: Teachers must be able to communicate clearly
with students, parents, and colleagues. For example, providing constructive
feedback or explaining complex concepts in simple terms.
Classroom Management Skills
Teachers must be able to manage a classroom effectively, creating a positive and
conducive learning environment. This includes establishing clear expectations
for behavior, dealing with disruptions, fostering respect, and ensuring all
students are engaged and learning. For example In Rwanda’s teacher training
programs, teachers receive practical training on classroom management
strategies, which may include techniques for organizing seating arrangements,
using positive reinforcement, and implementing clear rules and procedures.
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Assessment and Evaluation Skills
Teachers must have the ability to assess student learning effectively. This involves
using a variety of assessment methods (e.g., quizzes, projects, observations) to measure
students' understanding and progress. Teachers should also use assessment data to adjust
teaching strategies and provide feedback. For Example: In Rwanda, teacher training
programs include instruction on both formative and summative assessments, where
teachers learn how to design fair and reliable assessments and use the results to improve
teaching
Supportive Policies and Systematic Implementation
A well-established policy framework is essential for guiding teacher education and
development. These policies ensure that teacher training is standardized, and that
continuous support and professional development are prioritized. Effective
implementation of policies and programs is also crucial for the success of teacher
education. For Example, The Rwanda Education Board (REB) and the Ministry of
Education (MINEDUC) are responsible for implementing national education policies,
ensuring that teacher training and development programs align with national goals, and
offering resources for ongoing teacher support.
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4. Status and limitations of teacher education system
A. Status of the Teacher Education System
1. Increased Access to Teacher Training
Many countries have expanded teacher
education programs through universities,
colleges, and online platforms.
Rwanda has several teacher training
institutions that provide both pre-service and
in-service training.
Example: The University of Rwanda –
College of Education (UR-CE) is the main
public institution for teacher training. Other
institutions include Rwanda Polytechnic
(RP) for technical education teachers and
private
2/15/2025
universities like Kibogora 18
Polytechnic.
cont’
2. Integration of Technology in Teacher Training
Digital tools such as e-learning platforms and virtual classrooms are now
used in teacher education.
In RWANDA, the government promotes technology-enhanced learning to
improve teacher education.
Example: The Teacher Training Digital Content Platform by REB offers
online learning materials for teachers.
.
3. Competency-Based Education (CBE) Approach
Many teacher training programs focus on skills-based learning rather than
rote memorization.
Example: Rwanda’s shift to a Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC)
requires teachers to adopt learner-centered methods.
6/25/2021 19
CONT’
4. Professional Development and In-Service Training
Rwanda has programs to upgrade the skills of existing teachers through Continuous
Professional Development (CPD).
Example: The Rwanda Teachers’ Continuous Professional Development Framework
(TCPDF) helps teachers improve their teaching skills.
5. Government Support and Incentives for Teachers
The governments have introduced policies to improve teachers' welfare, including
salary increases and professional support.
Example: In 2022, the government of RWANDA increased teacher salaries by up to
88% to improve motivation and retention.
2/15/2025 20
B. Limitations Teacher education system
1 .Shortage of Qualified Teachers
Despite progress, Rwanda still faces a shortage of trained teachers, especially in STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subjects.
Example: Many Technical Secondary Schools (TSS) lack trained teachers for engineering, ICT, and
vocational skills.
2.Limited Practical Training for Teachers
Many teacher training programs focus on theoretical knowledge rather than hands-on teaching
practice.
Example: Student from Rwanda Polytechnic (RP) often get limited RESOURCES AND EQUIPMENTS
during trainings in their their careers.
3. Inadequate Teaching Resources and Infrastructure
Some schools, especially in rural areas, lack essential teaching materials and facilities.
21
Example: Some rural TTCs and TSS lack science laboratories, modern teaching aids, and digital tools.
Cont’
4. Low English Proficiency Among Teachers
Since Rwanda transitioned from French to English as the language of instruction in 2008, many
teachers still struggle with English proficiency.
Example: Some primary and secondary school teachers require additional English language
training.
5 .High Student-Teacher Ratio
The demand for education has increased, but the number of teachers has not grown at the
same rate, leading to overcrowded classrooms.
Example: Some public schools have over 60 students per class, making personalized learning
difficult.
22
Cont’
6. Resistance to the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC)
Some teachers find it challenging to adapt to the CBC approach, which requires them to facilitate
rather than lecture.
Example: A 2021 study by REB showed that some teachers still use traditional rote learning methods
due to lack of training.
Conclusion
Significant progress has been made in expanding teacher education, implementing CBC, and
integrating ICT. However, challenges like teacher shortages, lack of resources, and limited practical
training still need to be addressed. Strengthening teacher training programs, investing in school
infrastructure, and enhancing continuous professional development will help improve the teacher
education system further.
enhance the quality of education.
6/25/2021 23
6. Reform in teachers’ education since 1945 in industrialized and non
industrialized country
Since 1945, teacher reforms have varied significantly between
industrialized and non-industrialized countries, influenced by
political, economic, and social factors. These reforms aim to
improve educational quality, teacher training, and student
outcomes. below are comparisons of the reforms :
Industrialized Countries
In industrialized countries like the United States, the UK, and
Japan, teacher reforms have focused on professionalization,
standardized testing, and the integration of technology. These
countries have implemented policies to ensure that teachers
are well-trained, often through university-based programs and
continuous
2/6/2025 professional development. Examples of reforms:24
Professionalization and Certification: Countries like the US have emphasized
professional standards, such as the National Board for Professional Teaching
Standards (NBPTS), ensuring teachers meet high for example United Kingdom:
Introduction of the National Curriculum in 1988, which linked student achievement
to teacher performance qualifications.
Standardized Testing and Accountability: The UK introduced reforms like the
National Curriculum in 1988, tying teacher performance to student outcomes
(Evaluating teachers based on how well their students perform academically and in other
measurable areas ) on standardized tests.
Technological Integration: Japan has invested heavily in integrating technology
into education, ensuring that teachers are equipped to teach in a digital age These
reforms have generally led to improved teacher quality, though challenges remain
with the overemphasis on standardized testing and teacher burnout.
6/25/2021 25
Non-Industrialized Countries
In non-industrialized countries, including many in sub-Saharan Africa, teacher reforms
have been shaped by the need to address basic educational access and infrastructure.
Countries like Rwanda have focused on improving the quantity and quality of teachers,
often in response to rapid population growth and increasing enrollment rates.
Examples of reforms:
Mass Teacher Training Programs: In Rwanda, after the 1994 genocide, the government
introduced massive teacher training programs to address the shortage of qualified
teachers. This included upgrading teachers' qualifications and improving training facilities
Mass Teacher Training: Addressing the shortage of trained teachers through large-scale
training programs.
Curriculum Reforms: Developing curricula that focus on basic literacy and numeracy,
critical thinking, and practical skills.
Incentives and Pay Reforms: Improving teacher salaries and offering incentives to retain
teachers, especially in rural or underserved areas.
6/25/2021 26
curriculum and Pedagogical Reforms: Rwanda adopted a competency-
based curriculum Launched in 2015 and implemented in 2016, focusing
on critical thinking and practical skills. Reforms included training
teachers on new pedagogical methods to engage students effectively.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Countries like Kenya and Tanzania introduced
teacher incentives and focused on improving basic educational access.
Increased Teacher Pay and Incentives: Many non-industrialized
countries have introduced salary improvements and incentive schemes to
attract and retain teachers in rural or underserved areas.While reforms
have led to increased teacher numbers and educational access, challenges
like low pay, poor infrastructure, and limited professional development
persist in many non-industrialized nations. For instance in Rwanda’s
Teacher Reforms (Post-1994)
6/25/2021 27
Rwanda’s education system underwent substantial reform after the 1994 genocide. Key
areas of focus in:
Teacher Education and Training: Rwanda invested in training new teachers and
upgrading existing teachers' qualifications through various programs, including
university courses and in-service training.
English Language Training: Since 2008, Rwanda switched its medium of instruction
from French to English, necessitating a large-scale reform of teacher training to equip
educators with the necessary language skills.
Policy and Infrastructure Support: The government has also implemented policies
aimed at improving teacher working conditions, though challenges remain, such as
overcrowded classrooms and insufficient resources. For this the outcome Rwanda has
made significant progress in improving educational access and teacher quality, but
challenges remain in terms of adequate teacher training, salary levels, and
infrastructure.
6/25/2021 28
Aspects Industrialized counties Non industrialized countries eg Rwanda
Teacher professionalism High focus on professional Focus on mass training and
stand and certification basic qualification upgrades
US: National Board for Rwanda: Post-1994 teacher
Professional Teaching training programs
Standards (NBPTS) Sub-Saharan Africa: Mass
UK: University-based teacher training initiatives
teacher training
Curriculum Reform UK: National Curriculum Rwanda: Competency-
(1988) based curriculum (2016)
Japan: Technology- Sub-Saharan Africa: Focus
integrated curriculum on literacy and numeracy
6/25/2021 29
teacher Pay & US & UK: Competitive Rwanda: Increased pay
Incentives salaries and incentives and rural area
Japan: Bonuses based incentives
on performance Sub-Saharan Africa:
Salary improvements in
rural areas
Infrastructure & US, UK, Japan: Well- Rwanda: Improved
Resources equipped classrooms school infrastructure
and educational post-genocide, but
resources overcrowded classrooms
- Sub-Saharan Africa:
Inadequate
infrastructure and
overcrowding
6/25/2021 30
Conclusion.
Reforms in teacher education since 1945
reflect broader social, economic, and
technological changes in different countries.
The trend has moved toward greater
professionalization, accountability, and
integration of innovative teaching methods,
ensuring teachers are well-equipped to meet
the needs of modern learners.
6/25/2021 31
6.New development in teacher
education
Rwanda has undertaken significant reforms in
teacher education to enhance the quality of
education and address the growing demand for
qualified teachers . Rwanda has achieved important
progress over the last two decades, particularly in
dramatically increasing access to primary education.
Building on successes achieved so far, current
priorities are increasing access to pre-primary and
secondary education (especially technical and
vocational education and training), increasing
equity at all levels, and improving the quality of
education. Further progress will be needed to put
the country on track to achieve SDG on quality
education and contribute to achieving other SDGs
that are indirectly linked to educational attainment.
6/25/2021 32
Cont’
Integration of Technology:
The integration of technology in teacher education has been
a significant focus. Programs that train teachers to use digital
tools in the classroom have been introduced, including the
use of e-learning platforms.
An example includes the Rwanda Education Board's
initiative to provide teachers with access to online resources
and training modules
Continuous Professional Development: Recognizing the
need for lifelong learning, Rwanda has emphasized
continuous professional development (CPD) for teachers.
Workshops, seminars, and peer mentoring programs have
been established to help teachers stay updated on new
teaching methods and educational trends.
6/25/2021 33
Cont’
Teacher Training and Salary Increases:
• To improve education quality, Rwanda has focused on enhancing teacher training
programs and increasing teacher salaries. These efforts aim to attract and retain qualified
educators, thereby improving learning outcomes.
• The Ministry of Education has launched various training programs to equip teachers with
modern pedagogical skills. Initiatives like the Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs) have
been revamped to enhance the quality of teacher preparation. For instance, TTCs now
offer specialized courses tailored to the needs of the CBC.
• To address the growing demand for qualified teachers, over 60,000 new educators
have been recruited since 2021, coinciding with the construction of 22,505 new
classrooms nationwide. Additionally, teacher compensation has seen significant
improvements, with salary increases of 10% in 2019 and between 40% to 88% in
July 2022, depending on qualifications.
.In July 2022, the Rwandan government implemented a significant salary increase for teachers,
ranging from 40% to 88% depending on qualifications, to improve teacher competency and
student retention.
6/25/2021 34
Cont’
.Curriculum Reforms: The Rwandan government has implemented
curriculum reforms aimed at promoting critical thinking, creativity, and
problem-solving skills among students. Encourages teaching strategies that
accommodate all learners, including those with special needs.
For example, the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) introduced in 2016
emphasizes practical skills and active learning, moving away from rote
memorization.
• Policy and Legal Framework
• National Strategy for Inclusive and Special Needs Education (2018–
2024): Guides inclusive practices in schools and teacher training
programs.
• Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP): Includes provisions for
training teachers in inclusive education.
6/25/2021 35
Cont’
. Inclusion and Equity: Efforts have been made to promote inclusive education,
ensuring that all students, including those with disabilities, receive quality education.
Training programs for teachers now include modules on inclusive teaching strategies.
Collaboration with International Organizations: Rwanda has partnered with various
international organizations to enhance its teacher education system. For example,
collaborations with UNESCO and other educational bodies have provided technical
support and resources to improve teacher training and curriculum development.
Pre-Service Teacher Training
• Teacher training colleges (TTCs) and universities incorporate inclusive
education principles in their curricula.
• Example: University of Rwanda’s College of Education provides
courses on special and inclusive education.
• Example: Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs) offer training on
differentiated instruction, assistive technology, and classroom adaptations.
6/25/2021 36
Cont’
• In-Service Teacher Training
• Programs and workshops help practicing teachers develop
inclusive teaching strategies.
• Example: Rwanda Basic Education Board (REB)
conducts professional development programs on inclusive
teaching.
• Use of Assistive Technologies
• Training on using assistive tools such as braille materials,
sign language, and digital learning platforms.
• Example: Gahini Inclusive School uses braille and sign
language to support visually and hearing-impaired students.
6/25/2021 37
Cont’
• Partnerships with NGOs and International Organizations
• Organizations such as UNICEF, Humanity & Inclusion, and USAID
support inclusive teacher training and school adaptation programs.
• Example: UNICEF’s Inclusive Education Program trains teachers
on supporting children with disabilities in mainstream schools.
• Community and Parental Engagement
• Teachers are trained to work with parents and communities to create
inclusive learning environments.
• Example: Umuryango Project engages parents in supporting
children with disabilities in schools.
Overall, Rwanda's commitment to enhancing its education system is evident
through these reforms and initiatives, aiming to provide quality education and
foster sustainable development.
6/25/2021 38
Cont’
Effective teaching continuously evolves with new developments in education. Here are some
recent trends and examples that enhance teaching effectiveness:
Technology-Enhanced Learning: The government has been incorporating technology into
classrooms to enhance learning. This includes the use of digital tools and resources to support
teaching and learning processes, preparing students for a technology-driven world.
.Example: Teachers use AI-powered tools like examveda.com to provide instant feedback on
students' writing assignments.
.Example: Virtual reality (VR) immerses students in historical events or scientific simulations,
making learning more interactive.
Active Learning Strategies
• Example: Flipped classrooms allow students to watch lecture videos at home and engage in
hands-on activities in class.
• Example: Peer teaching encourages students to explain concepts to each other, reinforcing
their understanding.
. Remedial Education Programs:
Between May 2019 and September 2023, Rwanda implemented a remedial education program targeting Primary 4 and 5
students across 10 districts. The initiative focused on enhancing reading and math skills, benefiting approximately 25,960
students in 150 schools. The program not only improved academic abilities but also fostered community involvement in
promoting education
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