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3.4 - GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
• THERE ARE SIX BASIC WAYS OF GENERATING
ELECTRICITY:
FRICTION
PRESSURE
MAGNETISM & MOTION
HEAT
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CHEMICAL ACTION 2
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FRICTION ACTION
• FRICTION IS A METHOD OF PRODUCING VOLTAGE BY
SIMPLY RUBBING TWO DISSIMILAR MATERIALS TOGETHER.
• THIS USUALLY PRODUCES STATIC ELECTRICITY, WHICH IS
NOT TYPICALLY A USEFUL FORM OF POWER.
• IN FACT, MOST STATIC ELECTRICITY FOUND ON AIRCRAFT
BECOMES A NUISANCE TO BOTH COMMUNICATION AND
NAVIGATION SYSTEMS AS WELL AS ADVANCED
ELECTRONIC DEVICES.
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PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
• PRESSURE IS ANOTHER MEANS OF
PRODUCING A VOLTAGE.
• PIEZOELECTRIC MEANS ELECTRICITY
CREATED BY APPLYING PRESSURE TO
CERTAIN TYPES OF CRYSTALS.
• SINCE ONLY VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF
POWER ARE PRODUCED USING
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT, APPLICTIONS ARE
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LIMITED.
• MOST PIEZOELECTRIC DEVICES USE
CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS LIKE “QUARTZ” TO
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PRODUCE VOLTAGE.
FORCE
CRYSTAL
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PRESSURE
CRYSTAL
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PRESSURE
CRYSTAL
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PRESSURE
N S
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MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM IS USED TO PRODUCE THE MAJORITY
OF ALL ELECTRIC POWER.
• ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION IS THE PROCESS
WHERE A VOLTAGE IS PRODUCED BY MOVING A
CONDUCTOR THROUGH A MAGNETIC FIELD.
• OR BY MOVING A MAGNETIC FIELD THROUGH A
CONDUCTOR.
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NORTH SEEKING SOUTH SEEKING
POLE POLE
LINES OF MAGNETIC
FLUX
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THE LAW OF MAGNETISM
UNLIKE POLES
ATTRACT
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THE LAW OF MAGNETISM
LIKE POLES
REPEL
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ELECTROSTATIC LINES OF FORCE
S
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S N
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S N
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S
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19
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THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT
• ELECTRICITY CAN BE PRODUCED BY HEAT.
• WHEN TWO DISSIMILAR METALS ARE JOINED
TOGETHER, A VOLTAGE WILL BE PRODUCED
WHEN SUBJECTED TO HEAT.
• THIS COMBINATION OF TWO DISSIMILAR
METALS IS CALLED A:
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THERMOCOUPLE
• THERMOCOUPLES ARE USED IN VIRTUALLY ALL
TEMPERATURE SENSORS FOUND ON AIRCRAFT
ENGINES.
• THESE INCLUDE:
EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE SENSOR.
CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE SENSOR.
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COPPER
A B
CONSTANTAN
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THERMOCOUPLE CIRCUIT
WHEN HEAT
CURRENT WILL FLOW
APPLIED TO ONE
JUNCTION
A B
THERMOCOUPLE CIRCUIT 24
HOT COLD
JUNCTION JUNCTION
INDICATOR
THERMOCOUPLE CIRCUIT 25
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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
• LIGHT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY WHICH ALSO
CAN BE CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY.
• THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT PRODUCES A
VOLTAGE WHEN LIGHT IS EMITTED ONTO
CERTAIN SUBSTANCES.
• PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICES HAVE A LIMITED USE
ON MODERN AIRCRAFT. HOWEVER,
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SPACECRAFT RELY HEAVILY ON PHOTO CELLS
AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRIC POWER.
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THIN LAYER OF BORON
PROTECTIVE
GLASS CAP
SEMICONDUCTOR
SUBSTANCE
CONNECTING
PINS
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PHOTO-VOLTAIC CELL
PHOTONS OF LIGHT
FORCE ELECTRONS
TO MOVE INTO THE
CONDUCTION BAND
THIS PRODUCES A
VOLTAGE ACROSS
THE CELL
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PHOTO-VOLTAIC CELL
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CHEMICAL ACTION
• CHEMICAL ACTION IS OFTEN USED TO PRODUCE
ELECTRICITY FOR AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS.
• A BATTERY IS FOUND ON VIRTUALLY ALL AIRCRAFT,
PRODUCING VOLTAGE BECAUSE OF THE REACTION OF
TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT CHEMICALS.
• WHEN TWO OR MORE OF THE CORRECT CHEMICALS
COME INTO CONTACT, THEIR STRUCTURES ARE
ALTERED AND A VOLTAGE IS PRODUCED.
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ELECTRODES
ELECTROLYTE
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CHEMICAL ACTION IN A CELL
CATHODE ANODE
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CHEMICAL ACTION IN A CELL
ELECTRON
FLOW
ELECTRON FLOW CONVENTIONAL FLOW
EXTERNAL OF THE EXTERNAL OF THE
BATTERY IS NEG - POS BATTERY IS POS - NEG
WITHIN THE BATTERY WITHIN THE BATTERY
IT IS POS - NEG IT IS NEG - POS
(ANODE - CATHODE) (CATHODE - ANODE)
CATHODE ANODE
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CHEMICAL ACTION IN A CELL
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