In the name of kind Allah

Tesol Training Center

Level Two
Grammar Section
Auxiliary Verbs
 Auxiliary Verbs
An auxiliary verb (or a helping verb) is used with a main verb to help express the main verb’s tense or
mood. Modal auxiliary verbs are one of the most important kinds of auxiliary verbs. The most
common modal auxiliary verbs are can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, and must.

 Auxiliary verbs are the same for all subject pronouns (I, we, you, they, he, she, it):
I must play football. She must play football.

 Base form of the verb is used with auxiliary verbs.

Ahmad must work hard. They will not come.

 Do not use the helping verbs DO/DOES to form (-), (?) sentences.
(+) I should leave here.
(?) Should I leave here.
(-) I should not leave here. I don’t should leave here.
 Will be at home.
I/you (+) will  ’ll) Win the match.
Structure: Eat the cake.
we/they/he (-) will not  Come, etc.
she/it won’t)
Use:
 Future actions / Decisions at the moment of speaking
e.g. I will go with you. Will you be here tonight? She won’t come
tonight.
Oh, there is no sugar left. I will go and buy some.

 Offers (When you want to do something for someone)

e.g. The bag is heavy. I’ll carry it for you.
I will help you with your homework if you want.

Note: We often use I think I’ll…/ I don’t think I’ll (NOT I think I will not)… when you
decide to do something.
e.g. I am tired. I think I’ll go to bed. It is raining. I don’t think I’ll go out.
Be going to
Future Plans ( already decided or arranged to
do ):
e.g. I am going to meet my boss next week.
we are going to go to the movies next week.

Note: Present continuous tense can also be used

for actions you already decided.
e.g. I am meeting my boss next week.
We are going to the movies next week.
May/Might
Talks about possible action / possibility (It will / will not happen,
not sure)

Example:
I might go to the movies tonight.
Take an umbrella with you. It might rain.
Buy a lottery ticket. You might be lucky.
She might not come today. She was sick.
 Can vs. Could
Ability (present) Ability (past)
1. I can ride bike but cannot drive a car. I could ride a bike before I broke my leg

Possibility (present) Possibility (past)

2. Can you change the ten-dollar bill? Oh! I could but I gave all my changes away.

Permission/Request (Present ?) Permission/Request (Present ?)

less formal more formal
3. Can you borrow me some money? Could you borrow me some money, please?
4. Can you open the door, please? Could you open the door ,please?

Note: Use “Can I have/could I have” to say “give me”

5. Can I have a can of soda, please? Could I have a can of soda, please?
Thank
You
 Must
be at home now.
must (not) Win the match.
have a new car.
I/we/you/they Come, etc.
he/she/it
 When you are sure that something is/isn’t true:
1. You worked ten hours today. You must be tired.
2. Ali worked at your company for ten years. Your father must know him.
3. The phone rang eight times and Ahmad didn’t answer. He must not be home.

 Shows necessity/ obligation. (had to is the past form)

1. You must be careful with this knife. It’s very sharp.
2. In the US, you must be over 18 to vote.
3. They must not ride on the sidewalk. (they must ride in the street)
4. You must not be late for school again!
5. She had to wear safety glasses while working. (She didn’t and she is hurt now)
 Have to
Structure:
be at home at
(+) I/We/You/They have to 6.
Win the match.
(-) I/We/You/They don’t have to Have
(?) Do have to etc.
I/we/you/they //?

(+) He/She/It Has to be

Win
(-) He/She/It Doesn’t have to Have, etc.
(-) Does he/she/it have to //?
 Have to
Have to shows necessity/ obligation:
1. I can’t go to the movies. I have to study my lessons.
2. You have to pass a test before you can get a driver’s license.
3. She has to get up at 6 o’clock, because she goes to work at 7.
4. Does Ali have to work on Fridays?
Note: Had to is the past form of have to/has to.
5. We had to walk home last night. There were no buses.
6. Did you have to quit school early?
 Don’t/Doesn’t have to say that it is not necessary.
1. The students don’t have to wear suit at Kateb university.
2. She doesn’t have to work that hard, he is rich enough.
 Should & Ought to
For advice / suggestion (to say It is the right/wrong thing to do):
1. Ali should go to bed earlier. He goes to bed late, and he is always tired.
2. When you play tennis, you should always watch the ball.
3. You shouldn’t treat seriously with your family members.
4. We ought to work hard in life.

Note: think is often used with should.

a. (+) I think ….. should.
5.I think he should buy some new clothes.
6.It is late. I think I should go home now.
b. (-) I don’t think …. should. (I think ….. Shouldn’t )
7. I don’t think you should work that hard.
8. I don’t think we should stay up late in order to succeed.
Thank
You
 Would like (‘d like)
Would like (more polite) = Want (less polite)
Note: #A: would like + noun
1. I am thirsty. I would like a coffee, please.
2. I would like the red one.
#B: would like to + verb
1. I would like to have a coffee, please.
2. I would like to meet him in person.

Would you like + a noun ? is used to offer things.

1. A: Would you like some coffee? B: No, thank you.
2. A: Would you like a piece of candy? B: Yes, thanks.

Would you like to + a verb ? is used to invite someone.

1. A: Would you like to go for a walk? B: Sure, let’s go.
2. A: Would you like to have dinner with us tonight? B: No thanks. I am busy tonight.
 Would rather & Would
Would rather + do
prefer
Would prefer + to do
e.g. Shall we go by train? Well, I would prefer to go by car.
Well, I would rather go by car.

(?) Would you rather have coffee or tea?

(?) Would you prefer to have coffee or tea?
(-) I would rather not go out this evening, if you don’t mind.
(-) I would rather not do it by myself.
(-) I would prefer not to go out this evening, if you don’t mind.
Note: I would rather _______than __________.
1. I would rather stay home than go out with you.
2. I would rather die than listen to you.
3. I would rather go home than listen to you.
Part 1: Tenses
Tense: Tense is taken from Latin word “Tempus” which means time.
Tense is a grammatical term and time is a conversational term.
Tense is form of verb which shows time of an action that happened in the past,
happens in the present or will happen in the future.
Simple past tense

Past Past progressive tense

tense Past perfect tense
Past perfect progressive
tense
Simple present tense

Tens Prese
nt
Present progressive tense

e tense Present perfect tense

Present perfect progressive
tense
Simple future tense

Futur Future progressive tense

e
Future perfect tense
tense
Future perfect progressive
tense
 Simple
present
tense

Present
progressive
tense
Present
tense
Present
perfect
tense
Present
perfect
progressive
tense
Simple Present Tense: Shows an action that happens regularly /
repeatedly. They show general facts, habitual actions and daily activities.
helping verbs: are used to help to make (-) and (?) form.
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

do do not don’t I, you, we, they

does does not doesn’t he, she, it

main verb: base form of the verb

Note: in (+) sentences when the subject is he, she, it  add s, es, ies at the end of the
main verb.
structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + m.v + obj/com. You run every day. She runs… .
(-) Sub + don’t/doesn’t + m.v + obj/com. You don’t run every day. She doesn’t run… .
(?) Do/Does + sub + m.v + obj/com? Do you run every day? Does she run…?
(-?F) Do/Does + sub + not + m.v + obj/com? Do you not run every day? Does she not run… ?
(-?Inf)* Do/Does + not + sub + m.v + obj/com? Don’t you run every day? Doesn’t she run… ?
Note:* short forms are often used  Don’t/Doesn’t
Usages of simple present tense
1) General facts (universal truth)  Ice melts in heat. Sun rises every morning.
2) Habitual actions (habits)  She shakes her feet when she gets nervous.
I bite my nail when I am angry.
3) Daily activities (routines)  We study English every day. They work every day.
4) Future plans (arrangements)  He leaves here next week. I leave here tonight.
5) Telling story  I leave home. My friend and I walk to the center. We arrive early. My
classmates come to us and we all greet each other.
Rules of adding s, es, ies
1) For most verbs  just add s Ex: run  runs walk  walks listen  listens
2) For the verbs ending in s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, z  add es
Ex: miss  misses watch  watches wash  washes fix  fixes
3) For the verbs ending in y:
a) vowel + y  just add s Ex: stay  stays / play  plays
b) consonant + y  change y to i and add es Ex: study  studies / cry  cries
Important notes:
Adverbs of frequency
Time expressions
Present progressive tense: Shows an action that is happening right now
at the moment of speaking.
helping verbs: are used to help to make (+), (-) and (?) form.
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

am am not  I’m not / I amn’t I

is is not ’s not / isn’t he, she, it

are are not ’re not / aren’t you, we, they

main verb: ing form of the verb (present participle)

structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + am/ is/ are + v. ing + obj/com. We are studying. She is talking.
(-) Sub + am/ is/ are + not + v. ing + obj/com. We are not studying. She is not talking.
(?) Am/ Is/ Are + sub + v. ing + obj/com? Are we studying? Is she talking?
(-?F) Am/ Is/ Are + sub + not + m.v + obj/com? Are we not studying? Is she not talking?
(-?Inf)* Am/ Is/ Are + not + sub + m.v + obj/com? Aren’t we studying? Isn’t she talking?
Note:* short forms are often used  Isn’t / Aren’t
Usages of present progressive tense
1) Ongoing action at the moment  I am talking and you are listening.
2) Describing photos / scenes  They are playing football. Ali is smiling.
3) Temporary situations  Only this week, we are coming 30 minutes earlier.
4) Future plans  She is working tomorrow, therefore she is not coming with us.
5) Changing / developing situations  The kids are growing up day by day.
6) Sometimes used with adverbs of frequency to show repeated actions that cause annoyance  My
brother is always leaving his clothes on the floor.

Rules of adding ing

1) For most verbs (including s, ss, sh, ch, x, o, z, con + y, vowel + y, …)  just add ing.
Ex: study  studying / stay  staying / walk  walking / watch  watching
2) For the verbs ending in e  remove the e and add ing.
Ex: write  writing / live  living / come  coming / leave  leaving
3) For the verbs ending in ee  just add ing. Ex: see  seeing / agree  agreeing
4) For 1 syllable verbs ending in 1 vowel + 1 consonant  double the cons and add ing.
Ex: run  running / put  putting / hug  hugging / sit  sitting
5) For the verbs ending in ie  change ie to y and add ing.
Ex: lie  lying / die  dying / tie  tying / untie  untying
6) For 2 syllable verbs that end in 1 vowel + 1 consonant:
a) If the first syllable is stressed  just add ing.
Ex: listen  listening / open  opening / offer  offering
b) If the second syllable is stressed  double the consonant and add ing.
Ex: begin  beginning / prefer  preferring / control  controlling
7) For the verbs ending in c  add k after c and add ing.
Ex: picnic  picnicking / panic  panicking / mimic  mimicking

Note: stative verbs (verbs that show state of feeling) don’t have progressive
form(don’t take ing).
Ex: love  loving / know  knowing / want  wanting / …
Present Perfect Tense: It shows an action that has happened in
unparticular time in the past but its result is right now.
helping verbs: help to make +, - and ? forms.
helping verb helping verb negative h.v negative h.v subject
(short form) (full) (short form)

have ’ve have not haven’t I, you, we, they

has ’s has not hasn’t he, she, it

main verb: 3rd form of the verb. (past participle)

structures:
(+) Sub + have / has + 3rd.v + obj/com. I have eaten food. She has gone abroad.
(-) Sub + have not / has not + 3rd.v + obj/com. I have not eaten food. She has not gone abroad.
(?) Have / Has + sub + 3rd.v + obj/com? Have I eaten food? Has she gone abroad?
(-?F) Have / Has + sub + not + 3rd.v + obj/com? Have I not eaten food? Has she not gone abroad?
(-?Inf)* Have / Has + not + sub + 3rd.v + obj/com? Haven’t I eaten food? Hasn’t she gone abroad?
Note:* short forms are often used  Haven’t / Hasn’t
Usages of present perfect:
1) To show completed (started and finished) action in the past at an
unclear time or without mentioning the specific time.
Note 1: if there is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used instead.
Ex: I have graduated from college. VS I graduated from college last month.
Note 2: The adverbs ever, never, already, yet, and just are mostly used with present
perfect. Ex: Have you ever been to the US? No, I have never been there. I have
already thought about going but I haven’t decided yet because I have just shared it with
my family.
2) To show the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition
is not important.
Note: The term so far is frequently used with this structure.
Ex: We have had four tests so far this semester.
I have flown on an airplane many times.
I have met many people since I came here in June.
3) The present perfect, when used with since and for, also expresses a situation that
began in the past and continues to the present.
Note: Since + a clear time (stating point) VS For + a period of time (an interval)
Ex: I have lived in Kabul since 2020. VS I have lived in Kabul for 5 years.
Simple Past Tense: Shows an action that started and ended in
particular time in the past.
helping verb: is used to help to make (-) and (?) form.
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

did did not didn’t I, you, we, they,

he, she, it
main verb: (+)  2nd form of the verb (past form)
(-) (?)  1st form of the verb (base form)
structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + 2nd .v + obj/com.
(-) Sub + did not + 1st.v + obj/com.
(?) Did + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?F) Did + sub + not + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Did + not + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
Note:* short form is often used  Didn’t
2nd form of the verb Ex:

live  lived , decide  decided

d

talk  talked , watch  watched

regular ed

study  studied , try  tried

ied

Change form come  came , go  went

irregular
No change read  read , put  put
Past Progressive Tense: It shows the progress of an action in the past when another action
happened.
helping verbs: help to make +, - and ? forms.
helping verb helping verb negative h.v negative h.v subject
(short form) (full) (short form)

was - was not wasn’t he, she, it, I

were - were not weren’t you, we, they

main verb: ing. form of the verb. (present participle)

structures:
(+) Sub + was / were + v. ing + obj/com.
(-) Sub + was not / were not + v. ing + obj/com.
(?) Was / Were + sub + v. ing + obj/com?
(-?F) Was / Were + sub + not + v .ing + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Was / Were + not + sub + v.ing + obj/com?
Note:* short forms are often used  Wasn’t / Weren’t
1) To describe interrupted actions (use past after when)
He was walking on the street when a car hit him.
His brother was smoking when I saw him.
They were having dinner when I got there.
2) To describe the duration of an action at a particular point of time.
I was doing my homework all the day.
She and her brothers were looking for their lost father yesterday.
What were you doing last week?
3) To describe repetition and irritation. (If a continuous tense is used with the word always
show irritation)
He was always complaining in class.
They were always making noise in the yard.
His brother was always smoking at home.
Simple Future Tense: Shows an action that will happen in a particular
time in the future.
helping verbs:
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

will will not won’t I, you, we, they,

he, she, it
shall shall not shalln’t I, we

main verb: 1st form of the verb (base form)

structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + will / shall + 1st.v + obj/com.
(-) Sub + will not / shall not + 1st.v + obj/com.
(?) Will / Shall + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?F) Will / Shall + sub + not + 1st.v + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Will / Shall + not + sub + 1st.v + obj/com?
Note:* short form is often used  Won’t / Shalln’t
Future Progressive Tense: Shows the progress of an action at a
particular time in the futue.
helping verbs:
helping verb negative h.v (full) negative h.v (short) subject

will be will not be won’t be all

shall be shall not be shalln’t be I, we

main verb: ing form of the verb (present participle)

structures: Ex: Ex:
(+) Sub + will be / shall be + v. ing + obj/com.
(-) Sub + will not be / shall not be + v. ing + obj/com.
(?) Will / Shall + sub + v. ing + obj/com?
(-?F) Will / Shall + sub + not + m.v + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Will / Shall + not + sub + m.v + obj/com?
Note:* short forms are often used  Won’t / Shalln’t
Usages:
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in
progress at a time in the future.
Note: Sometimes there is little or no difference between the future
progressive and the simple future, especially when the future event
will occur at an indefinite time in the future.
Examples:
I will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you
come.
Don’t call me at nine because I won’t be home. I am going to be studying at the
library.
a) Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon.
b) Don’t get impatient. She will come soon.
The Use:
Use Past Perfect Tense to show that an action happened
before another past action or before an specific past time.

Example:
1. The burglar had left the house when the police got there, so they can’t catch them.
Past Perfect Past
Now
2. He had had her breakfast when I saw him.
3. He had his breakfast before I saw him.
3. Had you done your homework he asked you for?
Causative Verbs
(‫)افعال سببی‬
Causative Verbs: Express an action that someone causes something to happen. It is
used when you don’t do something, but cause (ask, have, get) someone else to do it for
you.
Most common causative verbs are 5:
1. make 2. let 3. have / has 4. get 5. help
1) Make (‫)مجبور ساختن‬
Make means to force someone to do something.
Structure: Sub + make + sb + base. v + obj/com.
My mother makes my brother wash the dishes.
My mother forced me to wash the dishes.
The teacher made the students come to class on time.
The teacher forced the students to come to class on time.
#2 Have (‫ خواستن‬/‫)مسولیت دادن‬
Have is used when you give someone else the responsibility to do something for you.
Structure: Subj + have/has (had) + sb + base. v + obj/com.
Ex:
I will have my students paint the classroom.
I had the doctor check my eyes.
I had my son pick up the morning newspaper.
The manager has his secretary copy the files.
#3 Get (‫ راضی کردن‬/‫)متقاعد ساختن‬
Get is used when we convince or encourage someone to do something for us.
Structure:
Sub + get + sb + to + m.v.
I tried to get Ali to come to the party.
I tried to convince Ali to come to the party.
I got my best friend to do my homework.
I convinced my best friend to do my homework.
#4 Let (‫)اجازه دادن‬
Let means to give someone permission to do something.
Structure: Sub + let + sb + base. V.
I never let my students argue with each other in the class.
My parents didn’t let me go out yesterday.
Setara doesn’t want to let her best friend use her books.
#5 Help (‫)کمک کردن‬

Help means to assist.

Structure:
(1) Subject + help + person + verb1
(2) Subject + help + person + to + verb1

Examples:
1. I helped my brother do his math homework.
2. I helped my brother to do his math homework.
 Remember…
The past form of let is itself. There’s no
change.

o I let my brother play soccer last week.

o My parents let me stay in my friend’s home for the week.

o The teacher let the students cheat on the exam. That is

why some of the students were upset.
o I let him use my laptop because he had to send his boss a
few files.
Allow and permit can also be used
to mean let.
Allow and permit are more formal.
Remember to always put “to” after them.

Examples:
1. The teacher allowed the students to cheat on the
exam.
2. The teacher permitted the students to cheat on the
exam.
Make + V1
Let + V1
Have + V1
Help + V1 / to V1
Get + to V1
 Simple present tense
 It shows (state, general fact, being, repeated
action, an action that happens in the future,
habit and …)
Ali goes to school everyday.
Roya is young.
The teacher loves his students.

Present
Past Future

For more information refer to LEVEL

ONE.
 Present progressive tense
 It shows an action in progress at the moment of
speaking.
Note: (is, am, are) are used as helping verb in this tense with verb+ing.
I am speaking English right
now.
The boss is working in the
yard. Present
Students are playing
Past
tennis. Future
 Present Perfect Tense
 It shows an action that has happened in
unparticular time in the past but its result is
right now.
Note: (have & has) are used as helping verb in this tense with V3 .
Time is
unknown
Present
Past Future
Structures of present perfect
tense
Positive => S+ H.V+ V3+ comp+.
 Negative => S +H.V+Not+V3+comp+.
 Interrogative => H.V+S+V3+comp+?
 Negative Interrogative=> H.V+S+Not+V3+Comp+?
 Negative Interrogative=> H.V+Not+S+V3+ComP+?

I have eaten food.

I have not eaten food.
Have I eaten food?
Have I not eaten food?
Haven't I eaten food?
Usages Of Present Perfect
Tense We use present perfect tense to talk about an action that

happened in the past continued to the present may or may
not go to the future.

=> In such cases we use from since & for

Since: shows the starting point of an action.
For: shows the duration of an action.
I have lived in Kabul since
2010.
I have lived in Kabul for 21
years.
Present Perfect Progressive
Tense
 It shows an action in progress from past up to
present.
Note: have & has are used as helping verb with been and ing
form of verb is used in this tense.

Present
Past Future
 Past Perfect Tense
 It shows an action that happened in unparticular time
before another action in the past.

Note: Had is used as helping verb in this tense with V3.

Present
Past Future

Time is
Time is known
unknown

First action Second action

Earlier action Later action

Past perfect Simple past

 Structures of present
perfect Progressive tense

 (+)=> S +H.V + been + V+ ing+ Comp+.

 (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ been+ V + ing + Comp.
 (?)=> H.V + S+ been + V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?) => H.V +S + Not + been+ V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + been+ V+ ing + Comp+?

Ali has been playing football since his childhood.

Ali has not been playing football since his childhood.
Has Ali been playing football since his childhood?
Has Ali not been playing football since his childhood?
Hasn’t Ali been playing football since his childhood?
 Simple Past Tense
 It shows an action that started and ended in
particular time in the past.

Note: did is used as helping verb in this tense and V2
only in
positive sentence.
Present
Past Future

Ali wrote a letter yesterday.

For more information refer to LEVEL ONE.

 Past progressive tense
 It shows an action in progress at
particular time in the past.
Note: was & were are used as helping verb in this tense with V+ing.

Present
Past Future
Structures of past progressive
tense
(+)=> S +H.V + V+ ing+ Comp+.
 (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ V + ing + Comp.
 (?)=> H.V + S +V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?) => H.V +S + Not +V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + V+ ing + Comp+?

I was watching TV last night at 10 o'clock.

I was not watching TV last night at 10 o'clock.
Was I watching TV last night at 10 o'clock?
Was I not watching TV last night at 10 o'clock?
Wasn’t I watching TV last night at 10 o'clock?
Structures of past perfect
tense
 Positive => S+ H.V+ V3+ comp+.
 Negative => S +H.V+Not+V3+comp+.
 Interrogative => H.V+S+V3+comp+?
 Negative Interrogative=> H.V+S+Not+V3+Comp+?
 Negative Interrogative=> H.V+Not+S+V3+ComP+?
 Past perfect progressive
tense
 It shows an action in progress before another action or
certain time in the past.

Note: Had is used as helping verb with been in this tense with V+ing.
Present
Past Future

Time is known

Time is
unknown
 Structures of past
perfect Progressive
tense
 (+)=> S +H.V + been + V+ ing+ Comp+.
 (-)=> S + H.V + Not+ been+ V + ing + Comp.
 (?)=> H.V + S+ been + V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?) => H.V +S + Not + been+ V+ ing+ Comp+?
 (-?)=> H.V+ Not + S + been+ V+ ing + Comp+?
Simple future tense
 It shows an action that will happen in
particular time in the future.
Note: Will and shall is used as helping verb in this tense with V1.
Present
Past Future

We will have a party on Monday night.

For more information refer to LEVEL ONE.

 Future Progressive
Tense
 It shows an action in progress at the
particular time in the future.
Note: Will and shall are used as helping verb with be in this tense
and V+ing as main verb.

Present
Past Future
 Future perfect

tense
It shows an action that will be completed before
another time or event in the future.

Note: Will and shall are used as helping verb with have in
this tense and

v3 as main verb.
Present Future
Past

Time is known

Time is
unknown
 Future perfect progressive
tense
 It shows an action in progress before another
action or
event in the future.
 OR: It is used for emphasizing on duration of an
action
in a period of time.
Note: Will and shall are used as helping verb with have and been
in this tense and v+ing as main verb.
Present Perfect Tense: It shows an action that has happened in
unparticular time in the past but its result is right now.
helping verbs: help to make +, - and ? forms.
helping verb helping verb negative h.v negative h.v subject
(short form) (full) (short form)

have ’ve have not haven’t I, you, we, they

has ’s has not hasn’t he, she, it

main verb: 3rd form of the verb. (past participle)

structures: Time is
(+) Sub + have / has + 3rd.v + obj/com. unknown

(-) Sub + have not / has not + 3rd.v + obj/com.

(?) Have / Has + sub + 3rd.v + obj/com?
(-?F) Have / Has + sub + not + 3rd.v + obj/com?
(-?Inf)* Have / Has + not + sub + 3rd.v + obj/com?
Note:* short forms are often used  Haven’t / Hasn’t