Basic

Orienteerin
g Skills
Group
3
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 What is Orienteering?
-Orienteering is a recreational activity
which combines fitness and outdoor
adventure with map and compass reading
and navigational skills along an unfamiliar
course.

-Orienteering involves walking, jogging,

and running, often in rough terrain.

-Orienteering provides many benefits like

mental challenges, lifetime skills, and
physical effort.
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 Basic Skills in
Folding the
Orienteering
Thumbing the Orienteering the map Reading
map map to north (with ground features on
or compass) the map
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 Basic Skills in
Taking a compass
Orienteering
Following a compass Pacing Judging distance
bearing bearing
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 Basic Tools in
Orienteering
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 Basic Tools in
Orienteering
Compas Outdoor
s Shoes
A compass is the most Orienteering shoes are made to handle a
important tool for orienteering. variety of terrains and weather situations,
It is required for proper such as mud and bare rock. The combination
navigation. Some people
of minimal water pickup and high drainage
participate in orienteering
ensures that the weight of the wet shoe is
events without a compass, but
probability of going in the wrong nearly the same as when it is dry. They are
direction is high, especially for often more durable, lighter in weight, and
the beginner, who does not have have a greater grip than standard running or
a good map reading skills. hiking shoes.
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 Basic Tools in
Outdoor
Orienteering
Whistle
Clothes
It is a lightweight, stretchy suit Some orienteering events advise participants
that protects you from the
to bring a whistle with them so that they can
undergrowth while allowing you
draw attention if they get lost. Participants
to move freely, even when wet. It
must be comfy and appropriate may become confused while navigating the
for the weather circumstances. course, and a whistle can be used to
Even in warmer weather, it is summon assistance if necessary.
recommended to cover your legs
because you may have to cross
through long grass or dense
vegetation.
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 Basic Tools in
Refreshment
Orienteering
Orienteering
s is a good idea to have water or
It Map
An orienteering map is a map that has been
an energy drink with you. Always
specifically designed for use in orienteering
have a drink with you when you
events. It is a topographic map with
go out in hot weather. High
energy snacks might also help to additional details to assist the athlete in
give you an energy boost if you navigating the competition location.
are feeling tired. Orienteering maps show a variety of
geographical elements, such as stones, cliffs,
ditches, and fences, as well as elevation,
vegetation, and pathways.
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 Basic Tools in
Orienteering
Control Card

The control card is given to

you at the start of a map-
based event. It is used to
show that you visited all of
the control points in the
correct order.
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 What is compass?

A compass is a device that

shows the cardinal directions
used for navigation and
geographic orientation. It
commonly consists of a
magnetized needle or other
elements, such as a compass
card or compass rose, which
can pivot to align itself with
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magnetic north.
 What is map in land
navigation? A map is a symbolic
representation of selected
characteristics of a place, usually
drawn on a flat surface. Maps
present information about the
world in a simple, visual way. It
represents the world by showing
sizes and shapes of countries,
locations of features, and
distances between places.
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 History of
Compass
The compass was invented in China during the Han
Dynasty between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD
where it was called the "south-governor" or "South
Pointing Fish" (sīnán 司南 ). The magnetic compass was
not, at first, used for navigation, but for geomancy and
fortune-telling by the Chinese
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 History of Map of in land
navigation
Some of the earliest known maps date back to 16,500
BCE and show the night sky rather than the Earth.
Ancient cave paintings and rock carvings also depict
landscape features like hills and mountains.
Archaeologists believe that these paintings were used
both to navigate the areas they showed and to portray
the areas that people visited.
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 “ 8 Remarkable Early Maps
in History
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 The Babylonian World Map
History’s earliest known world map:
Babylon and the Euphrates River are
depicted in the center as a pair of
rectangles, while the neighboring cities
of Assyria and Susa are shown as small,
circular blobs. Outside of the disc sit a
collection of triangular wedges, which
depict far-off islands with mysterious
labels such as “beyond the flight of
birds” and “a place where the sun
cannot be seen.” The accompanying
cuneiform text describes these
unknown lands as being populated by
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mythological beasts, which suggests

that the map shows both real
geographical features and elements of
 Ptolemy’s Geography

Many elements of the science of

cartography can trace their origins
to the work of the Greek scholar
Claudius Ptolemaeus, better known
as Ptolemy. Around 150 A.D., he
produced “Geography,” an eight-
volume textbook that included some
of the first maps to use
mathematical principles. Ptolemy’s
book has a few notable errors—the
Indian Ocean, for example, is
depicted as a sea—yet it’s still
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remarkable for its breadth and

detail.
 The Peutinger Map

During the days when all roads led to

Rome, the so-called Peutinger Map
would have served as a handy guide
to the Empire’s transportation
network. The oddly shaped map is
22 feet long and just one foot wide,
and depicts the course of more
60,000 miles of Roman roads
stretching from Western Europe to
the Middle East.
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 The Tabula Rogeriana

In the 12th century A.D., the renowned

Muslim scholar al-Idrisi was invited
to the court of the Norman King
Roger II and asked to produce a
book on geography. The result was
the “Tabula Rogeriania,” also known
by its longer title, “A Guide to
Pleasant Journeys into Faraway
Lands.” The book featured several
regional maps as well as a
projection of the known world, which
depicted the entirety of Eurasia and
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a large section of Africa.

 The Da Ming Hun Yu Tiu

One of the earliest surviving world

maps from the Far East, China’s Da
Ming Hun Yi Tu, or “Amalgamated
Map of the Ming Empire,” was drawn
on silk as early as 1389. The map
spans the entire Eurasian continent
from Japan to the Atlantic Ocean,
and includes detailed markings of
mountain ranges, rivers and
administrative centers. It is
particularly notable for the way in
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which it distorts the size of various

landmasses.
 The Cantino Planisphere

The Cantino Planisphere was once at

the center of an act of cartographic
theft. In 1502, an Italian duke
commissioned an agent named
Alberto Cantino to acquire a map of
the geographic discoveries of the
Kingdom of Portugal, which was
notorious for closely guarding the
location of the new lands found by
its explorers.
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 The Waldseemüller World
Map
Martin Waldseemüller is far from a household
name, but perhaps he should be—he helped
give the American continents their name. In
1507, the German cartographer produced the
first map in history to depict the New World
as a distinct landmass with the Pacific Ocean
on its western side. In honor of the Italian
navigator Amerigo Vespucci, who had first
posited the separate continent theory,
Waldseemüller and collaborator Matthias
Ringmann dubbed these new Western
Hemisphere territories “America.” The
Waldseemüller map has since been called
“America’s birth certificate,” but it also bears
the distinction of being the most expensive
world map of all time. In 2003, the Library of
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Congress purchased the only surviving copy

for a whopping $10 million.
 The Mercator Projection
Once a staple of school classrooms the world
over, the famed Mercator projection has
also been the subject of considerable
debate and controversy. The Flemish
cartographer Gerardus Mercator first
designed the map style in 1569 as a way
of displaying the spherical Earth on a flat,
rectangular surface. With this in mind, he
drew a world map with parallels of
latitude that are spaced increasingly far
apart as they move away from the
equator. This feature made the Mercator
projection invaluable to mariners, who
could use it to sail in straight lines with a
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constant compass bearing, but it also

meant that the relative size of different
landmasses was hugely distorted.
 PARTS OF COMPASS
● “A”-is the orienteering arrow and also refers to the piece we
call the “shed”. This piece will move with “E” when you find
your bearing . In the illustraton below, it has an arrow or
“roof”.

● “B” –is the index line and the “white line that never moves”
which helps you to line up your bearing. The bearing refers
to the number of degrees you must turn to face your next
marker.

● “C” –is the direction of travel arrow and also refers to “Fred”,
which is the arrow you should follow when moving to your
market. Fred leads you to your next destination- not Red (E).
Red will lead you to north.

● “D”-is the spinning dial, which will allow you to line up your
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bearing on the “white line that never moves (B).

● “E” –is the magnetic needle and the piece we call “Red”. Red
 PARTS OF MAP
● Orientation/Compass Rose- a feature on a map that shows
directions. It shows north, south, east, or west.

● Map Title- tells what/where a map shows

● Map Scale- Shows distances on a map.

● Map Legend/Key- identifies symbols on a map.

● Location- a drawing at a reduced scale which shows legibly,

by dimensions, area beyond the bounds of the proposed area
to locate.

● Border- is a line that defines exactly the edges of the area

shown on the map.
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● Map Symbols- show important information on a map like

features, capitals, cities, etc.

● Map Grid- organizes space on a map.

 HOW TO USE
COMPASS
To use the compass, you first must
find your bearing. A bearing is
measured in degrees. The degrees
are usually measured in large
increments of 20 degrees which are
then broken into 10 degrees and
further into 2 degrees. So, each
little line is equal to 2 degrees.
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 Learning the basic
1. Understand the basic layout of the compass
-Baseplate - Magnetic needle

-Direction of travel arrow - Orienting arrow

-Compass housing -Orienting line

-Degree dial

2. Hold the compass correctly .

3. Find out where you’re facing.

4. Understand the difference between “true”

North and “magnetic” North.
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5. Learn to correct for declination.

 USING THE COMPASS

1. Gather your 4. Transpose the

bearing to find out direction of travel onto
which direction you’re your map.
headed.
5. Learn to take a
2. Continue moving in bearing from the map.
this direction.

3. Focus on points in 6. Use the new bearing

the distance. to navigate.
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 How to read and understand a Map Layout?
Step 1-Choose the right type of map
• There are various types of maps for various purposes. Before you can use a map to assist
you find your route, make sure you have one that is appropriate for the type of travel
you're conducting. A topographical map, for example, is a map that shows the topography
or contour of the land surface. Topographic maps show the positions and shapes of hills,
valleys, streams, and other natural features, as well as a variety of man-made landmarks.
They use contour lines to depict the form and elevation of surface features.
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 How to read and understand a Map Layout?
Step 2-Check the maps orientation.
• Always double-check that you're looking at the map from the correct angle. Most maps
have a compass rose in one corner that indicates which directions are indicated

Step 3-Always check the map legend

• To make sense of the map, read the legend. Many maps, in addition to a compass rose,
have a legend, or chart, that describes the scientific methods used to create the map and
defines what essential symbols imply. Understanding how the map displays information
requires familiarizing yourself with the legend. These elements are intended to teach
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visitors how to understand and safely navigate their surroundings.

by the various producers.
 How to read and understand a Map Layout?
Step 4- Pay attention on the map Scale
• The scale of a map provides a ratio of map distance to actual distance. This will give you an
indication of how far you need to travel. The scale will vary from map to map, but it will
often be shown as a number ratio, such as "1: 100,000," which essentially implies that one
unit of distance on the map equals 100,000 units in real world. The scale is usually placed
at the bottom or to one side of the map.
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 Determining location by using map and
compass
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 Importance of knowing the basic
skills in orienteering or
orienteering
Orienteering give us the confidence of using a map and a compass, and it also
gives us the courage to forge ahead by oneself through unknown areas,
particularly in the forests that are not familiar to those who live in cities.
Knowing the basic skills of orienteering such as Folding, thumbing, orientating
the map to north, reading features on the map, taking a compass bearing,
following a compass bearing, pacing, and Judging Distance, all of those skills
helps you use a compass to assist, but it’s more important to learn how to
orient your map using the terrain. A compass comes in handy when you’re on
more difficult courses and the terrain is complicated. These skills also helps
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you glance at your map and know where you are and can easily figure out
where to go. If you get confused, you will at least know you’re somewhere near
your thumb, and it’ll be easier to re-locate.
Thank You!
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