Defination : The Internet of Things is the network of

physical objects or "things" embedded with

electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect
and exchange data.

Example: Smart Streetlight system,

Patient monitoring system etc.
Need of IOT:
 Automation & Efficiency
 Real time monitoring & Control
 Cost Reduction
 Enhanced security & Safety
 Better Quality Of Life
 Reduces Efforts
 Architecture of IoT
 The architecture of IoT is divided into 4

different layers i.e. Sensing Layer, Network

Layer, Data processing Layer, and
Application Layer.
 Sensing Layer: The sensing layer is
the first layer of the Internet of Things
architecture and is responsible for
collecting data from different sources.
 This layer includes sensors and

actuators that are placed in the

environment to gather information
about temperature, humidity, light,
sound, and other physical parameters.
 Wired or wireless communication

protocols connect these devices to the

network layer.
 Network Layer: The network layer of an
IoT architecture is responsible for
providing communication and connectivity
between devices in the IoT system.
 Examples of network technologies that

are commonly used in IoT include WiFi,

Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks
such as 4G and 5G technology
 Data processing Layer: The data
processing layer of IoT architecture
refers to the software and hardware
components that are responsible for
collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting data from IoT devices.
 This layer is responsible for

receiving raw data from the devices,

processing it, and making it
available for further analysis or
action
 Application Layer: The application
layer of IoT architecture is the
topmost layer that interacts directly
with the end-user.
 This layer includes various software

and applications such as mobile

apps, web portals, and other user
interfaces that are designed to
interact with the underlying IoT
infrastructure.
Characteristics of the Internet
of Things
 Connectivity:Connectivity is an
important requirement of the IoT
infrastructure. Things of IoT should
be connected to the IoT
infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere,
anytime can connect, this should be
guaranteed at all times.
 Intelligence and Identity:The
extraction of knowledge from the
generated data is very important.
For example, a sensor generates
data, but that data will only be useful
if it is interpreted properly
 Scalability:The number of elements

connected to the IoT zone is

increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT
setup should be capable of handling
the massive expansion.
 Dynamic and Self-Adapting:IoT
devices should dynamically adapt
themselves to changing contexts and
scenarios. Assume a camera meant for
surveillance. It should be adaptable to
work in different conditions and different
light situations (morning, afternoon, and
night).
 Self Configuring: This is one of the most

important characteristics of IoT. IoT

devices are able to upgrade their
software in accordance with requirements
with a minimum of user participation.
IOT Applications
 Smart Agriculture:
Precision farming(irrigation,fertilization,Smart
disease control,Smart marketing and
selling),Greenhouse automation,Livestock
management etc,
 Smart Vehicles:Self driving cars,Fleet

management,remote vehicle control etc

 Smart Cities:Transportation,Garbage

collection,Street light control,

 Eg:Barcelona city Spain
IOT Applications
 Smart Home:Interconnected divices,Remote
control of appliances,Central hub or network
etc.
 Smart Pollution Control: Wether monitoring

and control.
 Smart Healthcare:heart bit

monitoring,Remote Patient
monitoring,Elderely people health
monitoring etc.
1.2 Types of IOT
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT):
The IIoT is a system of interconnected
devices in the industrial sector.
Manufacturing machinery and devices
used for energy management are part of
it.
 Consumer IoT: Consumer IoT refers to

personal and wearable devices that

connect to the internet. These devices
are often referred to as smart devices
 Commercial IoT:( Business and
Service Sector Uses)Commercial IoT
refers to tools and systems used outside
of the home. Businesses and health care
organisations leverage commercial IoT
for auditable data trails and consumer
management.
 Infrastructure IoT(Urban and Civic

Applications)-Infrastructure IoT
enhances urban systems, making cities
smarter and more efficient. Key areas
include traffic management, waste
management, and public safety.
 1.3 Physical and Logical design
of IOT
Physical design:The physical design of IoT (internet of
things) includes things and different protocols.
IoT Things:
Things in IoT refers to IoT devices. Things have unique
identities. Things can perform sensing, actuation, and
monitoring.
Examples:
Home appliances: smart TV, smart refrigerator, smart AC, etc.
Smart phones and computers
Wearables: smart watch, smart sensors, etc.
Automobiles like self-driving cars
Energy systems
Retail : smart payment
Printers
 Things can exchange data with other
connected devices and applications,
collect data from other devices, and
process the data either locally or
send it to centralized servers or
cloud. IoT devices can have several
interfaces like:
 I/O interfaces for sensors
 Interface for Internet connectivity
 Memory and storage connectivity

interfaces
 Audio/video interfaces
 IoT thing or device is made up of different
components. The generic block diagram of an
IoT thing or device is given below:
 An IoT device provides connectivity interfaces
like USB, RJ45, etc. It contains a microcontroller
or processor for computation tasks.
 It provides audio/video interfaces like HDMI,

RCA, 3.5mm audio channel. It contains memory

interfaces like DDR. It might support graphics
by providing a separate Graphical Processing
Unit (GPU)
 it provides storage interfaces like MMC, SDIO. It

also provides different I/O interfaces for

connecting sensors and actuators like UART, SPI,
I2C and CAN.
 IoT Protocols: protocol is a set of rules that governs the
communication between two or more devices.
 Communication protocols are essential for IoT devices

to exchange data and information. Some commonly

used protocols in IoT include:
 MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A

lightweight protocol designed for efficient

communication in constrained networks, suitable for
low?power devices and unreliable connections.
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): A standard

protocol used for communication between web

browsers and servers, also employed in IoT for web
based interactions and data transfer.
 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):
Designed for resource?constrained devices, CoAP
enables efficient communication and is often used in
IoT applications that require low power and low
bandwidth.
 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): A

protocol for reliable messaging between devices and

applications, capable of supporting complex
messaging scenarios.
 WebSocket: A communication protocol that enables

full duplex communication over a single, long lived

connection, facilitating real?time data transfer
between IoT devices and servers.
Wireless connectivity options
 Wi-Fi: A widely used wireless networking technology
that enables high speed data transfer over short to
medium distances. It is suitable for applications with
power availability and the need for high bandwidth.

 Bluetooth: A short range wireless technology used

for connecting devices in proximity. It is commonly
used for IoT devices that require low power
consumption and intermittent data transfer, such as
wearable devices and home automation systems.
 Zigbee: A low power, low data rate wireless
communication protocol designed for applications
with low power consumption requirements and a
large number of devices. It is commonly used in
home automation, smart lighting, and industrial
applications.
 LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network): LPWAN

technologies, such as LoRaWAN and NBIoT, offer

longrange connectivity with low power
consumption, making them suitable for IoT
applications that require wide area coverage, such
as smart city deployments and agricultural
monitoring.
Wired connectivity options
 Ethernet: A standard wired networking technology
that provides reliable and high speed data transfer
over local area networks (LANs). Ethernet is
commonly used in industrial settings and for
devices requiring high bandwidth and low latency.
 Powerline Communication: This technology allows

data transmission over existing power lines,

eliminating the need for additional wiring. Power
line communication is often used in home
automation systems and smart meters
Logical Design Of IOT
1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs
 IoT Functional Blocks
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that
provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and control
functions.
 Communication: handles the communication for
IoT system.
 Services: for device monitoring, device control
services, data publishing services and services for
device discovery.
 Management: Provides various functions to
govern the IoT system.
 Security: Secures IoT system and priority
functions such as authentication, authorization,
message and context integrity and data security.
 Application: IoT application provide an interface
that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of IoT system.
 IoT Communication Models
i) Request-Response
ii) Publish-Subscribe
iii)Push-Pull
iv) Exclusive Pair
Request-Response
Request-response model is communication
model in which the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to the requests.
When the server receives a request, it decides

how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves

resource representation, prepares the
response, and then sends the response to the
client.
 Request-response is a stateless
communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.
 Publisher-Subscriber Model
There are three essential elements in the publisher-
subscriber Model, as given below.
 Publisher: It transfers data to the broker. Publishers

don’t know about consumers.

 Broker: It accepts publisher data and sends it to the

appropriate subscriber.
 Subscriber: It consumes the topics that the broker

manages.
 Push-Pull Model
 Publisher: It pushes the data into Message Queue
 Message Queue: it is a buffer that stores data pushed

by a publisher
 Subscriber: It pulls data from the message queue.
 Producers do not need to be aware
of the consumers.
 Queues help in decoupling the

messaging between the Producers

and Consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer which

helps in situations when there is a

mismatch between the rate at
which the producers push data and
the rate rate at which the consumer
pull data.
Exclusive Pair
 It is a bi-directional (full duplex)
combination model.
 In an exclusive pair, the client

establishes a connection with the server

by sending a request, and this
connection remains open until the client
sends a request to close the connection.
 Client and server can send messages to

each other after connection setup

 Exclusive pair is stateful communication

model and the server is aware of all the

open connections.
IoT Communication APIs

 Web service can either be implemented using REST

principles or using Web Socket Protocol – These IoT
Communication APIs are:
1. REST-based Communication APIs
2. WebSocket-based Communication APIs
REST-based Communication APIs
 Representational state transfer (REST) is a set
of architectural principles by which you can
design Web services
 These web services and web API's focuses on

system resources and how resource states are

addressed.
 REST APIs follow the request-response

communication model.
 Advantages: Stateless, Simplicity, Flexibility etc
 In a REST-based communication, the client
sends HTTP or HTTPS requests like GET, POST,
PUT, DELETE, etc., to the server where the
REST-based API will accept these requests,
process them and send back responses.
 The responses sent back to the clients will be

in Extensible Markup Language (XML) or

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format.
 Example:Wheather forecasting app or website
 When a user selects a location in the mobile

app, the application sends a HTTP or HTTPS

request . Accuweather’s server responds back
with the weather details
WebSocket based communication API
 WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full-
duplex communication between clients and
servers.
 WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair

communication model. Unlike the request-

response model such as REST, the WebSocket
APIs allow full-duplex communication and
do not require a new connection to be set up
for each message to be sent.
 Websocket communication begins with

connection setup request sent by client to

the server.
 The request ( called websocket handshake)
is sent over HTTP and the server interprets
it is an upgrade request. If the server
supports websocket protocol, the server
responds to the websocket handshake
response.
 After the connection setup client and server

can send data/messages to each other in full

duplex mode
Comparison between physical and
logical dedign
1.4 IOT Enabling
technologies
 IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies
are
 Wireless Sensor Network
 Cloud Computing
 Big Data Analytics
 Embedded System
 1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): A WSN
comprises distributed devices with sensors that
are used to monitor environmental and physical
conditions.
 A wireless sensor network consists of end nodes,

routers, and coordinators. End nodes have several

sensors attached to them and the data is passed
to a coordinator with the help of routers.
 The coordinator also acts as the gateway that

connects WSNs to the internet.

Examples–
 Weather monitoring system

 Indoor air quality monitoring system

 Soil moisture monitoring system

 Surveillance system

 Health monitoring system

 2. Cloud Computing: It provides us the
means by which we can access applications as
utilities over the internet.
 Cloud means something which is present in

remote locations. With Cloud computing, users

can access any resources from anywhere like
databases, web servers, storage, any device,
and any software over the internet.
 Characteristics –
 Broad network access
 On-demand self-service
 Rapid scalability
 Measured service
 Pay-per-use
 3. Big Data Analytics: It refers to the
method of studying massive volumes of data
or big data. Collection of data whose volume,
velocity, or variety is simply too massive and
tough to store, control, process and examine
the data using traditional databases. Big data
is gathered from a variety of sources including
social network videos, digital images, sensors,
and sales transaction records
 Examples –
 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location
and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
 Embedded Systems: It is a combination
of hardware and software used to perform
special tasks. It includes microcontroller
and microprocessor memory, networking
units (Ethernet Wi-Fi adapters), input-output
units (display keyword, etc. ), and storage
devices (flash memory).It collects the data
and sends it to the internet. Embedded
systems used in.
 Examples –

 Digital camera

 DVD player, music player

 Industrial robots

 Wireless Routers etc.

 1.5 IOT system challenges for design
and Security
 Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of
different systems, devices, or components to work
together seamlessly and exchange data effectively.
 In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT),
interoperability is a critical challenge, as a large number of
diverse devices are being connected to the internet.
 The lack of standardization in the IoT can lead to
difficulties in communication and data exchange between
devices, resulting in an fragmented and inefficient system.
 To overcome this challenge, organizations and industry
groups are working to establish standards and protocols
to ensure interoperability between IoT devices.
 Scalability: Scalability refers to the ability of a
system to handle increasing workloads or numbers
of users without a significant decline in
performance.
 In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT),

scalability is a major challenge as the number of

connected devices is rapidly growing, leading to an
increased volume of data and communication.
Scalability challenges in IoT include:
 Data Management, Network capacity, Device

Management etc.
 Reliability: Reliability refers to the ability of a system
to perform its intended function consistently and
without failure over time.
 In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), reliability

is a critical concern, as the failure of even a single IoT

device can have significant consequences.
 Power consumption: Power consumption refers to

the amount of energy that a system or device uses. In

the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), power
consumption is a critical challenge, as many IoT
devices are designed to be small, low-power, and
operate using batteries.
 Some of the power consumption challenges in IoT

include:Battery life,Energy efficiency,Power

Management.
Security Challenges:
 Lack of encryption -
Although encryption is a great way to prevent hackers from
accessing data, it is also one of the leading IoT security
challenges.
These drives like the storage and processing capabilities that
would be found on a traditional computer.
The result is an increase in attacks where hackers can easily
manipulate the algorithms that were designed for protection.
 Insufficient testing and updating -
With the increase in the number of IoT(internet of things)
devices, IoT manufacturers are more eager to produce and
deliver their device as fast as they can without giving security
too much of although.
Most of these devices and IoT products do not get enough
testing and updates and are prone to hackers and other security
issues.
 Insecure Communications: Due to the diverse range of
devices, protocols, and networks involved, insecure
communications pose a significant challenge to IoT
security. Many IoT devices transmit sensitive data, such as
personal or financial details, over communication channels
that lack adequate encryption mechanisms.
 Data leaks From IoT Systems
 Data leaks are a significant challenge in IoT security due to
the sensitive information these devices collect and
transmit. This data, which can include personal details and
financial records, becomes vulnerable when IoT systems
lack robust security measures.
 Cybercriminals exploit weaknesses in data transmission,
such as unencrypted data transmission, outdated firmware,
and weak passwords, to access and steal this information.