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GCSE Questions
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Inorganic:
Non-metals
Includes Industrial Process: 1
6 consecutive GCSE Chemistry papers: 2002-7
General Introduction.
2
5 Ammonia is an important industrial
chemical in many different
manufacturing processes.
a) Give two uses of ammonia.
1. ___________________________
2. ________________________ [2]
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
Ammonia + Nitric Ammonium Nitrate
Acid
------------------------------------
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
Ammonia + Sulphuric Ammonium
Acid Sulphate
-----------------------------------------
3NH3 + H3PO4 (NH4)3PO4
Ammonia + Phosphoric Ammonium
Acid Nitrate
Consider adding
your own
illustrations
here.
4
5 Ammonia is an important industrial
chemical in many different
manufacturing processes.
a) Give two uses of ammonia.
Fertilizers /
Nitric Acid /
Explosives/
Dyes [2]
b) Ammonia is prepared industrially from
nitrogen and hydrogen gases. The equation
for the reaction is:
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
(i) What is the name of the industrial process
used to manufacture ammonia?
______________________________ [1]
nitrogen and hydrogen gases. The equation
for the reaction is:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
(i) What is the name of the industrial process
used to manufacture ammonia?
(ii) Give the temperature and pressure which
are used in this process.
Temperature __________◦C [1]
Pressure _____________ atmospheres [1]
(iii) What catalyst is used for this process?
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) Give the temperature and pressure which
are used in this process.
Temperature 450◦C (accept 350-500) [1]
Pressure 250 atmospheres [1] (accept 200-
1000)
(iii) What catalyst is used for this process?
Iron [1]
Influence of Temperature and Pressure on the %
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) Energy Change = – 76
Yield
kJ/mol
10
c) Give a chemical test for ammonia
and the observations you would make
if ammonia was present.
Test: ______________________ [1]
Observations: __________________
__________________________ [2]
c) Give a chemical test for ammonia
and the observations you would make
if ammonia was present.
Test: Hydrogen chloride [1]
Observations: white [1] fumes /
cloud / smoke [1]
Manufacture of Hydrogen Chloride.
2NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl
sodium sulphuric sodium
hydrogen
chloride acid hydrogen
chloride
chloride
13
d) Ammonia is an alkaline gas and it reacts
readily with dilute sulphuric acid to
produce a solution of ammonium sulphate.
(i) Describe the test you would carry out to
confirm the presence of the sulphate ion.
Name of reagent used: ____________ [1]
Result of test: ______________________
_______________________________ [2]
Ba2+ Cu2+
BaCl2
Cl- Cl- SO42-
Barium chloride Copper(II) sulphate
BaCl2 CuSO4 Whit
e
Complete Formula Equation: ppt
BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + CuCl2(aq)
CuSO4
Complete Ionic Equation:
Ba2+(aq) +2 Cl-(aq) + Cu2+(aq) +SO42-(aq) = BaSO4(s) + Cu2+(aq)
+2 Cl-(aq)
Establishing the Net Ionic Equation:
Ba2+ + 2 Cl- + Cu2+ + SO42- = BaSO4(s) + Cu2+ + 2 Cl-
15
d) Ammonia is an alkaline gas and it reacts
readily with dilute sulphuric acid to
produce a solution of ammonium sulphate.
(i) Describe the test you would carry out to
confirm the presence of the sulphate ion.
Name of reagent used: barium chloride [1]
Result of test: white [1] ppt [1]
(ii) Ammonia sulphate reacts with
sodium hydroxide when heated. Write
a balanced equation for the reaction.
___________________________ [2]
(ii) Ammonia sulphate reacts with
sodium hydroxide when heated. Write
a balanced equation for the reaction.
(NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2 SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
[2]
e) Ammonia dissolves readily in water to
form aqueous ammonia. Aqueous ammonia is
used to test for metal cations in solution.
(i) What would you observe if aqueous
ammonia was added dropwise to a solution of
copper (II) sulphate CuSO4(aq)?
__________________________________
_______________________________ [2]
e) Ammonia dissolves readily in water to
form aqueous ammonia. Aqueous ammonia is
used to test for metal cations in solution.
(i) What would you observe if aqueous
ammonia was added dropwise to a solution of
copper (II) sulphate CuSO4(aq)?
Blue [1] ppt [1]
(ii) What further observations would you
make if an excess of aqueous
ammonia was added?
_____________________________
___________________________ [3]
(ii) What further observations would you
make if an excess of aqueous
ammonia was added?
ppt re-dissolves [1] dark [1] blue [1]
solution [1]
2003, Paper 2
4a) Ammonia is used in many
household cleaning products. It has
a very strong penetrating smell. State
two other physical properties of
ammonia.
__________________________ [2]
4a) Ammonia is used in many
household cleaning products. It has
a very strong penetrating smell. State
two other physical properties of
ammonia.
Gas / low melting point / low
boiling point [1]
Higher than air [1] (very) soluble in
water [1] colourless [1] Max [2]
b) The diagram shows some of the
essential reactions and industrial
processes associated with ammonia.
(i) Describe a chemical test for
ammonia, giving the result of the test.
_____________________________
___________________________ [3]
(ii) Name the compound A.
___________________________ [1]
(i) Describe a chemical test for
ammonia, giving the result of the test.
Hydrogen chloride / concentrated
hydrochloric acid [1] white [1]
smoke/fumes/solid [1]
(ii) Name the compound A.
Ammonium Chloride [1]
(iii) Describe the production of ammonia in
the Haber-Bosch process. Your answer should
include the name of the catalyst used, the
approximate temperature and pressure and a
balanced, symbol equation.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
______________________________ [7]
(iii) Describe the production of ammonia in
the Haber-Bosch process. Your answer should
include the name of the catalyst used, the
approximate temperature and pressure and a
balanced, symbol equation.
The key points of this answer are: nitrogen [1]
hydrogen [1] catalyst = iron [1], temperature =
450oC [1], pressure = 200 atm [1],
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 [2] reversible arrow not essential
Cool to liquify ammonia [1]
Unreacted gases recycled [1]
Max [7] from [9] but some parts marked essential
c) Garden lawn fertiliser often contains
ammonium nitrate in addition to
iron(II) sulphate, which is used to kill
moss.
(i) write a balanced, symbol equation
for the reaction of ammonia and nitric
acid to produce ammonium nitrate.
___________________________ [2]
c) Garden lawn fertiliser often contains
ammonium nitrate in addition to
iron(II) sulphate, which is used to kill
moss.
(i) write a balanced, symbol equation
for the reaction of ammonia and nitric
acid to produce ammonium nitrate.
NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 [2]
(ii) Describe, giving practical details,
how you would prove that lawn
fertiliser pellets contain iron(II)
sulphate and not iron(III) sulphate.
Give the expected result.
_____________________________
_____________________________
__________________________ [5]
(ii) Describe, giving practical details,
how you would prove that lawn
fertiliser pellets contain iron(II)
sulphate and not iron(III) sulphate.
Give the expected result.
Add water [1], add ammonia
solution/NaOH solution [1], green
[1], ppt [1], red brown (ppt)
indicates Fe3+ [1]
(iii) State two environmental problems
which occur when excess fertiliser is
leached out of the soil and into lakes
and rivers.
_____________________________
__________________________ [2]
(iii) State two environmental problems
which occur when excess fertiliser is
leached out of the soil and into lakes
and rivers.
Eutrophication [1]
Contamination of water supply [1]
d) Ammonia is used to manufacture
nitric acid. This process involves the
catalytic oxidation of ammonia and
occurs in three stages.
Stage 1 _____________________
Stage 2 _____________________
Stage 3 _____________________[6]
d) Ammonia is used to manufacture
nitric acid. This process involves the
catalytic oxidation of ammonia and
occurs in three stages
.
Stage 1 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
Stage 2 2NO + O2 → 2NO2
Stage 3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 4HNO3
(ii) Name the material used as a catalyst
in this process.
___________________________ [1]
(iii) Which stage, 1, 2 or 3 involves use of
the catalyst?
___________________________ [1]
(ii) Name the material used as a catalyst
in this process.
Platinum /
platinum-rhodium
[1]
(iii) Which stage, 1, 2 or 3 involves use of
the catalyst?
Stage 1 [1]
2005, Paper 1
4a) Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapour and noble gases. The diagram
below shows how an impure sample of nitrogen gas
may be prepared from air.
The conical flask containing the sodium
hydroxide is used to absorb carbon dioxide from
the air.
Finding the fraction
of Normal Air that is
Oxygen
41
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of carbon dioxide with sodium
hydroxide solution.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [3]
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of carbon dioxide with sodium
hydroxide solution.
CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O [3]
(ii) What is the purpose of the heated copper
in the diagram.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [2]
(iii) Name one impurity in the gas collected.
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) What is the purpose of the heated copper
in the diagram.
Remove [1] oxygen [1] [2]
(iii) Name one impurity in the gas collected.
Argon/neon/helium/krypton/water vapour
Any one [1]
b) Nitrogen can be converted into ammonia
in the Haber-Bosch Process through a
reaction with hydrogen gas.
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
production of ammonia gas in the Haber-
Bosch Process.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [3]
b) Nitrogen can be converted into ammonia
in the Haber-Bosch Process through a
reaction with hydrogen gas.
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
production of ammonia gas in the Haber-
Bosch Process.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 [3]
(ii) Complete the table below to give the
operating conditions which are used in the
Haber-Bosch Process.
Name of Catalyst
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (atm)
(ii) Complete the table below to give the
operating conditions which are used in the
Haber-Bosch Process.
Name of Catalyst Iron [1]
Temperature (°C) 450 [1]
Pressure (atm) 350 [1]
c) Ammonia may be prepared by heating
ammonium chloride with solid calcium
hydroxide and collecting the gas as shown in
the diagram.
(i) Suggest why ammonia gas is collected in
the way shown.
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of ammonium chloride with
calcium hydroxide.
_______________________________ [3]
(i) Suggest why ammonia gas is collected in
the way shown.
Less dense than air [1]
(ii) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of ammonium chloride with
calcium hydroxide.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 → 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O [3]
(iii) A glass rod, dipped in concentrated
hydrochloric acid is held under test tube A.
What observations would you make?
_______________________________ [2]
(iii) A glass rod, dipped in concentrated
hydrochloric acid is held under test tube A.
What observations would you make?
White [1] fumes / smoke [1] [2]
d) Ammonia solution is used to detect the
presence of metal cations in solution.
(i) Describe what would be observed when
ammonia solution is added slowly until it is
in excess to a solution copper(II) sulphate.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ [4]
4a) Chlorine gas can be prepared in the
laboratory using concentrated hydrochloric
acid. The reaction can be represented by
the equation.
2HCl + [O] → H2O +Cl2
(i) State the name and type of substance
represented by [O].
Name: ____________________________
Type: __________________________ [2]
4a) Chlorine gas can be prepared in the
laboratory using concentrated hydrochloric
acid. The reaction can be represented by
the equation.
2HCl + [O] → H2O +Cl2
(i) State the name and type of substance
represented by [O].
Potassium permanganate / manganese
dioxide [1] oxidising agent [1]
(ii) Describe the appearance of
the chlorine gas produced.
_______________________________ [1]
b) In industry, chlorine can be produced by
the electrolysis of concentrated sodium
chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
(i) State the electrode at which chlorine is
produced.
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) Describe the appearance of the chlorine
gas produced.
Green [1]
b) In industry, chlorine can be produced by
the electrolysis of concentrated sodium
chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
(i) State the electrode at which chlorine is
produced.
Anode [1]
(ii) The electrodes cannot be made from iron,
since iron reacts with chlorine. Write a
balanced symbol equation for the reaction of
iron with chlorine.
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) The electrodes cannot be made from iron,
since iron reacts with chlorine. Write a
balanced symbol equation for the reaction of
iron with chlorine.
2Fe + 2Cl2 → 2FeCl3 [1]
[1] [1] +[1] for balancing
c) Chlorine is a reactive gas. Write balanced
symbol equations and give the
observations for the following reactions.
(i) Chlorine + sodium hydroxide solution.
Equation: _______________________ [3]
Observations: ____________________ [1]
c) Chlorine is a reactive gas. Write balanced
symbol equations and give the
observations for the following reactions.
(i) Chlorine + sodium hydroxide solution.
Equation: Cl2 + 2NaOH → NaCl + NaOCl + H2O
[1] [1]
+[1] for balancing [3]
Observations: Heat evolved/temperature
increases, smell of bleach [1],
yellow/green colour fades [1], colourless
(ii) Chlorine + sodium bromide solution
Equation: _______________________ [3]
Observations: ____________________ [2]
(ii) Chlorine + sodium bromide solution
Equation: Cl2 + 2NaBr → Br2 + 2NaCl
[1] [1]
+ [1] for balancing [3]
Observations: Colourless solution [1],
changes to red brown [1], yellow/green
colour disappears [1] (Maximum [2])
d) Large amounts of liquid chlorine are
transported in tankers by road to water
treatment works.
(i) How is the chlorine gas turned into liquid
chlorine?
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) Why is chlorine transported as a liquid and
not as a gas?
_______________________________ [1]
d) Large amounts of liquid chlorine are
transported in tankers by road to water
treatment works.
(i) How is the chlorine gas turned into liquid
chlorine?
Cooled/pressure applied [1]
(ii) Why is chlorine transported as a liquid and
not as a gas?
Ease of transportation/takes up less space [1]
Every tanker transporting chlorine must have a
Hazchem warning label as shown below.
(iii) What word is missing from Box A on the
Hazchem label to describe the hazard
associated with chlorine?
_______________________________ [1]
(iv) Why are small amounts of chlorine added
to water at the water treatment works?
_______________________________ [1]
(iii) What word is missing from Box A on the
Hazchem label to describe the hazard
associated with chlorine?
Toxic [1]
(iv) Why are small amounts of chlorine added
to water at the water treatment works?
Kills [1] germs, microbes, bacteria [1] or
sterilise [2]
(v) Give another use of chlorine.
_______________________________ [1]
(v) Give another use of chlorine.
Bleach (for cotton, lined, wood pulp)/PVC
manufacture [1]
e) Hydrochloric acid can also be transported
by road in tankers. The tanker has the
Hazchem warning label shown below.
(i) What is the word missing from Box B on
this Haschem label to describe the hazard
associated with hydrochloric acid?
_______________________________ [1]
(ii) Hydrocholoric acid can be made by using
sodium chloride. What other substance
reacts with sodium chloride to produce
hydrogen chloride gas?
_______________________________ [2]
(i) What is the word missing from Box B on
this Haschem label to describe the hazard
associated with hydrochloric acid?
Corrosive [1]
(ii) Hydrocholoric acid can be made by using
sodium chloride. What other substance
reacts with sodium chloride to produce
hydrogen chloride gas?
Concentrated [1] sulphuric acid [1] [2]
(iii) Describe the test for hydrogen chloride gas
and give the expected result.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ [4]
(iii) Describe the test for hydrogen chloride gas
and give the expected result.
Glass rod [1] dipped in concentrated [1]
ammonia [1] white [1] fumes/smoke [1]
(Maximum [4])
2007, Paper 2
1 In the laboratory, a student carried out
experiments using the elements sulphur and
magnesium.
a) Complete the table below, stating the
colour of each element.
Element Colour
Sulphur
Magnesium
1 In the laboratory, a student carried out
experiments using the elements sulphur and
magnesium.
a) Complete the table below, stating the
colour of each element.
Element Colour
Sulphur Yellow [1]
Magnesium Grey [1]
b) The student burned some sulphur and then
some magnesium in air.
Complete the table below, giving
observations which occur during heating
and describe the products of each reaction.
Element Observations Description of
during heating products
Sulphur
Magnesium
b) The student burned some sulphur and then
some magnesium in air.
Complete the table below, giving
observations which occur during heating
and describe the products of each reaction.
Element Observations during Description of
heating products
Sulphur Brown [1] liquid/melts [1] blue
[1] flame [1] gas produced /
Colourless / misty [1]
pungent [1] gas [1]
bubbles [1] smell [1]
Magnesium White [1] light / flame [1] Grey / white [1] solid /
powder / ash [1]
c) Write balanced symbol equations for the
following reactions:
(i) Sulphur burning in air
_______________________________ [2]
(ii) Magnesium burning in air
_______________________________ [3]
c) Write balanced symbol equations for the
following reactions:
(i) Sulphur burning in air
S + O2 → SO2 [2]
[1] [1]
(ii) Magnesium burning in air
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO [3]
[1] [1] +[1] for balancing
d) Many laboratory reactions involve
oxidation.
(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air
is an oxidation reaction.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [2]
d) Many laboratory reactions involve
oxidation.
(i) Explain why the burning of sulphur in air
is an oxidation reaction.
Sulphur gains oxygen [1] gain of oxygen
is oxidation [1] [2]
e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur
impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the
sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide.
_______________________________ [2]
e) Most fossil fuels contain sulphur
impurities. When these fossil fuels burn the
sulphur is oxidised to sulphur dioxide.
(i) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
oxidation of sulphur to sulphur dioxide.
S + O2 → SO2 [2]
Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid
rain.
(ii) What are the three main harmful effects of
acid rain?
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ [3]
Sulphur dioxide leads to the formation of acid
rain.
(ii) What are the three main harmful effects of
acid rain?
Trees damaged/killed [1], fish
killed/harmed, buildings/statues corroded
[1] [3]
(iii) Give two measures which can be taken to
reduce the formation of acid rain.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ [2]
(iii) Give two measures which can be taken to
reduce the formation of acid rain.
Burn less fossil fuels [1], remove sulphur
from fuels [1], alternative energy forms
[1], remove acidic gases from power
station emissions [1], catalytic converters
in cars [1] (Max [2])
[2]
2007, Paper 2
6a) The quantity of sulphuric acid produced by
a country has been linked to economic
stability.
(i) Name the industrial process used to
produce sulphuric acid.
_______________________________ [1]
6a) The quantity of sulphuric acid produced by
a country has been linked to economic
stability.
(i) Name the industrial process used to
produce sulphuric acid.
Contact [1] process [1]
(ii) Complete the table below to give the
operating conditions which are used in the
industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (atm)
Catalyst
(ii) Complete the table below to give the
operating conditions which are used in the
industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.
Temperature (°C) Accept values in range 400 – 500 [1]
Pressure (atm) Accept values in range 1 – 10 [1]
Catalyst Vanadium(V) oxide/vanadium
pentoxide/V2O5
(iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process
is concentrated. Describe in detail how a
sample of concentrated acid should be
safely diluted using water.
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ [3]
(iii) The sulphuric acid obtained in this process
is concentrated. Describe in detail how a
sample of concentrated acid should be
safely diluted using water.
Safety glasses / gloves [1]
add acid to water [1] (essential)
dropwise/slowly [1]
with stirring [1].
Maximum [3]
b) Some of the reactions of concentrated
sulphuric acid are summarised in the
diagram below.
(i) Identify Solid A and Gas B.
Solid A _________________________ [1]
Gas B __________________________ [1]
(ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1?
_______________________________
_______________________________ [3]
(i) Identify Solid Carbon / Charcoal
[1]
Gas B Steam / Water [1]
(ii) What would you observe during Reaction 1?
Solid rises up/swells [1] heat/warms up [1]
pungent/caramel smell [1] reaction not
immediate. Maximum [3] A and Gas B.
Solid A
(iii) Name the white powder C.
_______________________________ [1]
(iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric
acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2?
_______________________________ [1]
(iii) Name the white powder C.
anhydrous [1] copper(II) sulphate [1]
(iv) What property of concentrated sulphuric
acid is demonstrated in Reactions 1 and 2?
Dehydrating [1]
(v) Write a balanced symbol equation for
Reaction 3.
_______________________________ [2]
(v) Write a balanced symbol equation for
Reaction 3.
H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl [2]
(vi) Describe how you would carry out a
chemical test for the presence of hydrogen
chloride gas, stating the observations you
would make for a positive test.
Test: _____________________________
_________________________________
Observations: ______________________
_______________________________ [4]
(vi) Describe how you would carry out a
chemical test for the presence of hydrogen
chloride gas, stating the observations you
would make for a positive test.
Test: glass rod [1] dipped in concentrated
[1] ammonia [1]
Observations: White [1] smoke [1]
(Maximum [4])
2007, Paper 2
7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of
many chemicals. It is used to make
ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser.
a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to
produce ammonium sulphate.
_______________________________ [3]
7 Sulphuric acid is used in the production of
many chemicals. It is used to make
ammonium sulphate, an important fertiliser.
a) Write a balanced symbol equation for the
reaction of sulphuric acid with ammonia to
produce ammonium sulphate.
2NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4 [3]
[1] [1]
+[1] for
balancing.
Accept equation using NH4OH
b) The method shown below is used to find
out if ammonium sulphate would be
washed out of soil by rain.
(i) Describe how you would find the pH of
the water that has run through the soil.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [2]
(i) Describe how you would find the pH of
the water that has run through the soil.
Use pH paper/universal indicator
paper/universal indicator solution [1]
compare to colour chart [1]. Accept use a
pH meter for a full [2]
(ii) A sample of this water was heated with some
sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and
the gas evolved was tested with damp universal
indicator paper as shown below.
What happens to the damp universal indicator
paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water?
___________________________________ [1]
(ii) A sample of this water was heated with some
sodium hydroxide solution in a boiling tube and
the gas evolved was tested with damp universal
indicator paper as shown below.
What happens to the damp universal indicator
paper if ammonium sulphate is present in the water?
Changes to blue [1]
(iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above.
_______________________________
_______________________________ [2]
(iv) Describe how you would test the water to
shown that sulphate ions are present. State
the observations you would make for a
positive test.
Test: _____________________________
Result: ____________________________
_______________________________ [3]
(iii) Explain your answer to part (b)(ii) above.
Forms ammonia [1] gas which is alkaline [1] [2]
(iv) Describe how you would test the water to
shown that sulphate ions are present. State
the observations you would make for a
positive test.
Test: Barium chloride solutions [1]
Result: White [1] ppt [1] [3]
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116
