PRE-CALCULUS
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
CONIC SECTIONS
- Are curves that result from the intersection
of a right circular cone and a plane.
DEGENERATE CONIC
Is a conic that does not have the
usual properties of a conic.
Degenerate conic equations
simply cannot be written in
graphing form.
DEGENERATE CONIC
There are three types of degenerate conics:
• A singular point, you can think of
a singular point as a circle or an ellipse with
an infinitely small radius.
• A line, which has coefficients A=B=C=0 in
the general equation of a conic.
The remaining portion of the equation
is Dx+Ey+F=0, which is a line.
• A degenerate hyperbola, the result is two
intersecting lines that make an “X” shape.
CONICS
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
CONICS
Example:
CIRCLE
– is the set of all points in a plane
equidistant from a fixed point. The
fixed point is called the center of
the circle and the constant equal
distance is called the radius of
the circle.
The standard form of an
equation of the circle
is (x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = with
the radius r and
center (h,k) while its
standard form radius r
and center at the origin is
x2+y2=r2
In addition, the standard
form of an equation of the
circle with radius r=1 and
the center at the origin is
called unit circle and has
the equation x2+y2=1.
The general form of the
equation of a circle
is x2+y2+Dx+Ey+F=0.
FORM OF A CIRCLE
EXAMPLES
Determine the standard form of the equation of the
circle given its center and radius. Draw its graph.
C (0, 0), r = 5
C (-2, 7), r = 4
C ( -8, -5), r= 3
EXAMPLES
Change the equation to standard form and determine
the center and radius of the circle.
Express the equation x2+y2-6x+4y+4=0 to standard
form and determine the center and the radius of the
circle.
Give the general equation of a circle, given:
r=5; center (2, 3)
Diameter is 16; center (-2, -5)
EXAMPLES: OTHER CONDITIONS
Center at the origin, tangent to the line x = 8
Find the circumference and the area of the circle
whose equation is .
Center at point (1, 0) and containing the point (-3,
1)
With a diameter of endpoints at (1, 4) and (-2, -1)
A CIRCLE, A POINT OR AN EMPTY
SET
Determine whether the graph is a circle, a point or
an empty set.
PARABOLA
- is a set of all points in a
plane which is equidistant to a
fixed point called focus and a
fixed line called directrix.
PARABOLA
In mathematics, a parabola is
a plane curve which is mirror-
symmetrical and is approximately
U-shaped. It fits several
superficially
different mathematical descriptio
ns, which can all be proved to
define exactly the same curves.
PARABOLA
The vertex is a point midway between
the focus and the directrix while the focus
is the fixed point. The fixed line is called the
directrix and the axis of the parabola is
the line that passes through the focus and
the vertex of the parabola. A line segment
joining two points of the parabola passing
through the focus and perpendicular to the
axis is the latus rectum. The length of the
latus rectum is four times longer than the
focal distance.
PARABOLA
PARABOLA
PARABOLA
PARABOLA
Find the vertex, focus, and the
directrix of the parabola whose
equation is given below then sketch
the graph.
PARABOLA
General form and Standard form
1. Express in general form
2. Write in standard form
PARABOLA: OTHER CONDITIONS
Find the equation of a parabola whose properties are
given below.
*Vertex @ origin
a. Length of latus rectum is 10 and the parabola
opens downward
b. Equation of directrix is y = 8
c. Focus at (0, 4)
*Vertex @(h, k)
d. V( 5, -4) ; F( 5, -1)
e. V( 2, -1) ; directrix y=2
f. Directrix is x=3 ; F(-5, -2)
APPLICATION OF CONIC
SECTIONS
Examples:
PARABOLA
1. An arch 20 meters high has the form of a
parabola with vertical axis. The length of a
horizontal beam placed across the arch 9 meters
from the top is 60 meters. Find the width of the
arch at the bottom.
2. How high is the parabolic arch of span 20 feet
and height of 16 feet, at a distance 5 feet from the
center?
ELLIPSE
- is the set of all points in a
plane that the sum of whose
distance from two fixed points
in the plane (the foci) is
constant.
ELLIPSE
The line connecting the foci intersects
the ellipse at two points known as
vertices. The major axis is the chord
connecting the vertices, and its
midpoint is the center of the ellipse.
The ellipse's minor axis is the chord
perpendicular to the major axis at the
center.
ELLIPSE
ELLIPSE
Find the center, major and minor axis of the Ellipse
whose equation is given below. Sketch the graph.
Give the center, length of major and length of
minor axis.
1.
2.
ELLIPSE
Reduce the equation to standard form.
Find the equation of the Ellipse whose center is at the
origin. Given the following properties.
1. a= 7; b=6; major axis is at x-axis
2. F(2, 0); V(5, 0)
3. Length of minor axis is 4; V(0, 5)
Find the equation of each Ellipse given its properties:
4. C(1, 3); V(1, 8); F(1, 5)
5. Length sum is 12; C(-2, 5); length of minor axis is 10;
major axis is at y-axis.
6. F(-2, 3) and (8, 3); b=4
APPLICATION OF CONIC
SECTIONS
ELLIPSE
1. The arch of a masonry bridge is a semi-ellipse
whose span is 90 ft. and whose height in the center
is 30 ft. What is the height of the arch 15 ft. from
the center?
2. An arch in the form of a semi-ellipse is 50 feet
wide at the base and has a height of 16 feet. How
wide is the arch at the height 8 feet above the
base?
HYPERBOLA
- is the set of all points in a
plane, the difference of
whose distances from two
distinct fixed points (foci) is
a positive constant.
HYPERBOLA
The graph of a hyperbola has two
disconnected branches. The line through
the two foci intersects the hyperbola at its
two vertices. The line segment connecting
the vertices is the transverse axis, and the
midpoint of the transverse axis is the center
of the hyperbola.
The development of the standard form of
the equation of a hyperbola is similar to
that of an ellipse.
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA
Examples: center at origin
1. Graph the hyperbola then find its asymptotes.
2. Find each equation of hyperbola whose center is
at the origin and asymptote given the following
conditions:
a. a=4, b=3, transverse axis at y-axis
b. Length of conjugate axis is 8, V(0, -3)
c. One focus at (6, 0), one vertex at (-4, 0)
ACTIVITY
A. Sketch the graph of the equation and write the
equation of asymptotes.
1.
2.
B. Find the equation of each hyperbola. Find the
equation of the asymptotes.
1. Length of transverse axis is 12, F (0, 4)
2. V (6, 0), F (3, 0)
HYPERBOLA
Example: center at (h, k)
1. Sketch the graph of the hyperbola and find the
equation of the asymptotes.
2. Convert the equation in general form.
3. Transform in standard form.
4. Find the equation of each hyperbola in standard
form given the following conditions:
a. Center (1, -3), V(1, 0), F(1, -7)
b. Length of transverse axis is 6, foci at (6, 3) and (-
4, 3)
APPLICATION OF CONIC
SECTIONS
HYPERBOLA
1. A yacht is travelling on a course parallel to and
80 kilometers from the straight shoreline of
Palawan. Two transmitting stations are located 180
kilometers apart on the shoreline. By timing radio
signals from stations, the yacht’s navigator
determines that the yacht is between the two
stations and 60 kilometers closer to station A than
to station B. Find the distance from the yacht to
each station.
