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11 Enzyme Regulation

The document discusses the regulation of enzyme activity, highlighting the importance of controlling enzyme quantity, allosteric regulation, feedback regulation, zymogens, and covalent modification. It also covers diagnostic uses of enzymes in medicine, particularly focusing on isozymes and their significance in clinical diagnosis, such as myocardial infarction. Various mechanisms are outlined to ensure enzymes function at the appropriate time and place within the cell.

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talal adlan
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28 views21 pages

11 Enzyme Regulation

The document discusses the regulation of enzyme activity, highlighting the importance of controlling enzyme quantity, allosteric regulation, feedback regulation, zymogens, and covalent modification. It also covers diagnostic uses of enzymes in medicine, particularly focusing on isozymes and their significance in clinical diagnosis, such as myocardial infarction. Various mechanisms are outlined to ensure enzymes function at the appropriate time and place within the cell.

Uploaded by

talal adlan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REGULATION OF ENZYME

ACTIVITY
Controlling Enzyme Activity
• Enzymes are very efficient at what
they do
• Because of this they need to be
carefully controlled
• The cells needs to be able to regulate
when a reaction occurs
• The cell also has to be able to
regulate how much product is
produced from a reaction
•The activity of enzymes
has to be regulated, so
that they function at the
proper time and place.
Some ways used to regulate
enzyme activity are:

1. Controlling the amount of enzyme


present
2. Allosteric regulation
3. Feedback regulation
4. Produce enzyme in an inactive form
(zymogen or proenzyme)
5. covalent modification
1. Regulation of enzyme
quantity
Rate of synthesis and breakdown of
enzyme determine enzyme quantity.
The quantity of an enzyme may be:
• increased by raising its rate of
synthesis,
• or decreased by lowering its rate of
synthesis.
2.Allosteric regulation

Metabolic Pathway
E1 E2 E3
A ------> B ------> C ------> D
initial substrate final substrate

First step is usually irreversible


and controlled by an allosteric enzyme
Allosteric enzymes
• An allosteric enzyme has another
binding site.
• Effector molecules change the activity
of an allosteric enzyme by binding to
the other site.
– Some effectors speed up enzyme
action (positive effectors)
– Some effectors slow enzyme action
(negative effectors)
Allosteric effector could be products,
substrate, and so on.
Allosteric enzymes
Negative Effecter
3.Feedback regulation:

• If too much product is created the


enzyme may be shut off by an
intermediate becoming an allosteric
inhibitor.
Feedback inhibition

Feedback
inhibition - a
common form of
enzyme
regulation in
which the
product inhibits
the enzyme .
4.Zymogens
(Proenzymes)
• A zymogen is an enzyme produced
in an inactive form.
• It is converted to its active form
when needed by removing a part of
the zymogen.
• E.g. of zymogens are the digestive
enzymes.
5.Covalent modification
• Adding/removing groups – like
phosphate groups
– This group is located at the OH of:
•Serine
•Threonine
•Tyrosine
Diagnostic Uses of
Enzymes in Medicine
ISOZYMES
• Enzymes catalyzing the same
biochemical reaction are called
isozymes.
• Have different chemical composition
• Found in different tissues
E.g. Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH)
E.g. Creatine kinase (CK)
Creatine kinase isozymes
• Two different polypeptide chains (M and B)
Combine to give three isozymes:
– CK-MM (muscle)
– CK-MB (heart)
– CK-BB (brain)
• enzymes are released from injured tissue into
blood.
• If CK-MB is found in the blood stream, this
suggests myocardial infarction.
Lactate dehydrogenase
isozymes

H subunit M subunit

Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase


Tissue content of LDH

H4

H 3M

H2M2

HM3

M4
Some isozymes in blood indicative of tissue damage,
used for clinical diagnosis
Increase in serum levels of H4 relative to H3M,
indicative of myocardial infraction (heart attack)
~
End ~

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