SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Is your code Toggled?!? 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering 
Devi Sridharan 
Siddhartha Deshpande
What is Agile? 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
According to Agile Manifesto... 
The Agile Manifesto is based on 12 principles 
1.Customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of useful software 
2.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development 
3.Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months) 
4.Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers 
5.Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted 
6.Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location) 
7.Working software is the principal measure of progress 
8.Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace 
9.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design 
10.Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential 
11.Self-organizing teams 
12.Regular adaptation to changing circumstances 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Branches 
-Release branch 
Master & single work-in-branch 
-Feature branch 
o Master & Multiple branches 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Release Branch 
-Delayed integration 
-Hotfixes has to wait till 
next release. 
-Can’t add any code if its 
not part of current release 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering 
Trunk 
Release Branches
Feature Branches 
-Merging becomes very difficult 
-Increases the testing effort 
-Lot of time spent on Regression & 
Integration Testing 
-Reduces the re-usability of shared automate 
test-suite 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering 
Feature 1 
Trunk 
Feature 2
Feature Toggle!?! 
-What is toggle? 
-Feature Toggle is a conditional statement that 
hides certain functionality. 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Guard the code 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Types of Feature Toggles 
-Release Toggles: (Development Environment) 
- Hide incomplete features and are removed as soon as 
feature is ready 
-Business Toggles: (Business Sponsors) 
- Enable feature for group of people and can be changed 
on fly 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Feature Toggles is opt for…. 
-Hiding or disabling new features in UI 
-Hiding/Disabling new components 
-To support multiple versions of feature/component 
-Adding new feature to an application 
-Enhancing an existing feature 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
How to implement ? 
- Config files 
- Toggle manager controlled by Admin 
- Session cookie 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Lets Toggle!! 
Few ways to control the application using toggles 
-via server-side 
-via client-side 
-URL parameterization 
-Javascript 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
via server 
pros 
-Feature is available,till next build is deployed 
-No further setup is needed 
cons 
-Need to wait for deployment to complete 
-Switching between toggles is difficult 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
via client 
- Need to know feature flag to enable it 
- Feature is available,only on local machine 
- Testing becomes easier,as we have more control of 
application 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Business toggles 
-Used in production environment 
-To enable A/B testing 
-Release features to group of users for early feedback 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
While implementing toggles... 
-Try to keep less number of toggles 
-Mutually Exclusive toggles 
-Remove the toggles as soon as corresponding feature is 
implemented completely 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
What will you achieve…?! 
-Continuous integration 
-More visibility into all work streams 
-No merge conflicts and hence easy to refactor the 
code 
-Reduced time spent on testing 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Having said…. 
Feature toggle is second best solution. 
The best solution is to find a way to 
gradually integrate, without feature toggles 
or feature switches 
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

PPTX
DevOps
Sachin Ohal
 
PDF
Oracle Development Cloud Service
andrejusb
 
PDF
Leveraging DevOps Principles for Release and Deploy
Serena Software
 
PPTX
What Can The Spira API Do For You?
Inflectra
 
PDF
TestCorner #22 - Path to survive among micro-services for QA
HTC
 
PDF
Definition Driven API Development: How OAS & Swagger Help Teams Streamline Th...
SmartBear
 
PPTX
Building Quality into Your DevSecOps Pipelines
Inflectra
 
PDF
DevOps CD and Multispeed IT in regulated industries (FUG Presentation)
Serena Software
 
PPTX
RemoteLaunch Overview Presentation (2019)
Inflectra
 
PDF
API Gateway How-To: The Many Ways to Apply the Gateway Pattern
VMware Tanzu
 
PPTX
Shift_Left
Sachin Ohal
 
PDF
Sa fe 4.0 implementing Enterprise Agile using the Scaled Agile Framework
evatjohnson
 
PDF
MuleSoft Surat Virtual Meetup#17 - Automated Code Review
Jitendra Bafna
 
PPTX
Inflectra Enterprise Agile Planning Briefing for Gartner 2018
Adam Sandman
 
PPT
Using JIRA Software for Issue Tracking
Anjali Rao
 
PPTX
SpiraTest Overview Presentation (2019)
Inflectra
 
PDF
Process
Jaishree Garg
 
PPT
Spira Team Overview Presentation
Adam Sandman
 
PDF
Metadata definition between flows on Studio 7 : MuleSoft Virtual Muleys Meetups
Angel Alberici
 
DevOps
Sachin Ohal
 
Oracle Development Cloud Service
andrejusb
 
Leveraging DevOps Principles for Release and Deploy
Serena Software
 
What Can The Spira API Do For You?
Inflectra
 
TestCorner #22 - Path to survive among micro-services for QA
HTC
 
Definition Driven API Development: How OAS & Swagger Help Teams Streamline Th...
SmartBear
 
Building Quality into Your DevSecOps Pipelines
Inflectra
 
DevOps CD and Multispeed IT in regulated industries (FUG Presentation)
Serena Software
 
RemoteLaunch Overview Presentation (2019)
Inflectra
 
API Gateway How-To: The Many Ways to Apply the Gateway Pattern
VMware Tanzu
 
Shift_Left
Sachin Ohal
 
Sa fe 4.0 implementing Enterprise Agile using the Scaled Agile Framework
evatjohnson
 
MuleSoft Surat Virtual Meetup#17 - Automated Code Review
Jitendra Bafna
 
Inflectra Enterprise Agile Planning Briefing for Gartner 2018
Adam Sandman
 
Using JIRA Software for Issue Tracking
Anjali Rao
 
SpiraTest Overview Presentation (2019)
Inflectra
 
Process
Jaishree Garg
 
Spira Team Overview Presentation
Adam Sandman
 
Metadata definition between flows on Studio 7 : MuleSoft Virtual Muleys Meetups
Angel Alberici
 

Viewers also liked (13)

PPT
Continous Integration: A Case Study
Talentica Software
 
PPTX
Bamboo Hands on training 2016
Takahiro Yamaki
 
PDF
Bamboo Continuous Integration Server - Brief
Ellen Feaheny
 
PPTX
Continuous integration using Bamboo
Tudor Hornai
 
PPTX
03 - Continuous Integration
Sergii Shmarkatiuk
 
PDF
London Atlassian User Group - February 2014
Steve Smith
 
PDF
Bamboo
ganapathy mohan
 
PPTX
Feature Toggles
Devi Sridharan
 
PDF
Bamboo - an introduction
Sven Peters
 
PPTX
Bamboo construction (final ppt)
Tushar Choudhari
 
PPTX
Python in the Hadoop Ecosystem (Rock Health presentation)
Uri Laserson
 
PDF
Googleのインフラ技術から考える理想のDevOps
Etsuji Nakai
 
PPTX
Hadoop with Python
Donald Miner
 
Continous Integration: A Case Study
Talentica Software
 
Bamboo Hands on training 2016
Takahiro Yamaki
 
Bamboo Continuous Integration Server - Brief
Ellen Feaheny
 
Continuous integration using Bamboo
Tudor Hornai
 
03 - Continuous Integration
Sergii Shmarkatiuk
 
London Atlassian User Group - February 2014
Steve Smith
 
Feature Toggles
Devi Sridharan
 
Bamboo - an introduction
Sven Peters
 
Bamboo construction (final ppt)
Tushar Choudhari
 
Python in the Hadoop Ecosystem (Rock Health presentation)
Uri Laserson
 
Googleのインフラ技術から考える理想のDevOps
Etsuji Nakai
 
Hadoop with Python
Donald Miner
 
Ad

Similar to Is your code Toggled?!? By Devi Sridharan & Siddhartha Deshpande (20)

PDF
Flexing your Agile Muscle - Agile Technical Concepts Explained
Sandy Mamoli
 
PDF
Agile testing
Eran Kinsbrunner
 
PPT
Transitioning To Agile Webinar Presentation
ThoughtWorks
 
PPT
Trends in Agile Testing by Lisa Crispin
Directi Group
 
PDF
Agile Testing Introduction
Hai Tran Son
 
PDF
Testing in Agile Development
Hariprakash Agrawal
 
PPTX
Agile software development
Hirotaka Nishimiya
 
PPT
Agile testing
Yogita patil
 
PPT
Transitioning To Agile
ThoughtWorks Studios
 
PPT
Agile Development
Chris Scofield
 
PPTX
Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio 2013
Mahmoud Samara
 
PDF
Agile testing overview
raianup
 
PDF
Agile testingoverview
Rangabashyam S
 
PPTX
Adopting Agile
Coverity
 
PPT
Agile Testing
Anand Ramdeo
 
PDF
Don't go Agile unless you know why
Gino Marckx
 
PDF
Agile Methods Cost of Quality: Benefits of Testing Early & Often
David Rico
 
PDF
Agile methods cost of quality
Cristiano Caetano
 
PPTX
Benefits of Agile Software Development for Senior Management
David Updike
 
PDF
Agile Adoption in Testing 2013 - v2
Venkat Janardhanam, MS, MBA
 
Flexing your Agile Muscle - Agile Technical Concepts Explained
Sandy Mamoli
 
Agile testing
Eran Kinsbrunner
 
Transitioning To Agile Webinar Presentation
ThoughtWorks
 
Trends in Agile Testing by Lisa Crispin
Directi Group
 
Agile Testing Introduction
Hai Tran Son
 
Testing in Agile Development
Hariprakash Agrawal
 
Agile software development
Hirotaka Nishimiya
 
Agile testing
Yogita patil
 
Transitioning To Agile
ThoughtWorks Studios
 
Agile Development
Chris Scofield
 
Application Lifecycle Management with Visual Studio 2013
Mahmoud Samara
 
Agile testing overview
raianup
 
Agile testingoverview
Rangabashyam S
 
Adopting Agile
Coverity
 
Agile Testing
Anand Ramdeo
 
Don't go Agile unless you know why
Gino Marckx
 
Agile Methods Cost of Quality: Benefits of Testing Early & Often
David Rico
 
Agile methods cost of quality
Cristiano Caetano
 
Benefits of Agile Software Development for Senior Management
David Updike
 
Agile Adoption in Testing 2013 - v2
Venkat Janardhanam, MS, MBA
 
Ad

More from Agile Testing Alliance (20)

PPTX
#Interactive Session by Anindita Rath and Mahathee Dandibhotla, "From Good to...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Ajay Balamurugadas, "Where Are The Real Testers In T...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Jishnu Nambiar and Mayur Ovhal, "Monitoring Web Per...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Pradipta Biswas and Sucheta Saurabh Chitale, "Navigat...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Apoorva Ram, "The Art of Storytelling for Testers" at...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Nikhil Jain, "Catch All Mail With Graph" at #ATAGTR2023.
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Ashok Kumar S, "Test Data the key to robust test cove...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Seema Kohli, "Test Leadership in the Era of Artificia...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Ashwini Lalit, RRR of Test Automation Maintenance" at...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Srithanga Aishvarya T, "Machine Learning Model to aut...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Kirti Ranjan Satapathy and Nandini K, "Elements of Qu...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Sudhir Upadhyay and Ashish Kumar, "Strengthening Test...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Sayan Deb Kundu, "Testing Gen AI Applications" at #AT...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Dinesh Boravke, "Zero Defects – Myth or Reality" at #...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Saby Saurabh Bhardwaj, "Redefine Quality Assurance –...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Keynote Session by Sanjay Kumar, "Innovation Inspired Testing!!" at #ATAGTR2...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Keynote Session by Schalk Cronje, "Don’t Containerize me" at #ATAGTR2023.
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Chidambaram Vetrivel and Venkatesh Belde, "Revolution...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PDF
#Interactive Session by Aniket Diwakar Kadukar and Padimiti Vaidik Eswar Dat...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
PPTX
#Interactive Session by Vivek Patle and Jahnavi Umarji, "Empowering Functiona...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Anindita Rath and Mahathee Dandibhotla, "From Good to...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Ajay Balamurugadas, "Where Are The Real Testers In T...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Jishnu Nambiar and Mayur Ovhal, "Monitoring Web Per...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Pradipta Biswas and Sucheta Saurabh Chitale, "Navigat...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Apoorva Ram, "The Art of Storytelling for Testers" at...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Nikhil Jain, "Catch All Mail With Graph" at #ATAGTR2023.
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Ashok Kumar S, "Test Data the key to robust test cove...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Seema Kohli, "Test Leadership in the Era of Artificia...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Ashwini Lalit, RRR of Test Automation Maintenance" at...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Srithanga Aishvarya T, "Machine Learning Model to aut...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Kirti Ranjan Satapathy and Nandini K, "Elements of Qu...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Sudhir Upadhyay and Ashish Kumar, "Strengthening Test...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Sayan Deb Kundu, "Testing Gen AI Applications" at #AT...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Dinesh Boravke, "Zero Defects – Myth or Reality" at #...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Saby Saurabh Bhardwaj, "Redefine Quality Assurance –...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Keynote Session by Sanjay Kumar, "Innovation Inspired Testing!!" at #ATAGTR2...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Keynote Session by Schalk Cronje, "Don’t Containerize me" at #ATAGTR2023.
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Chidambaram Vetrivel and Venkatesh Belde, "Revolution...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Aniket Diwakar Kadukar and Padimiti Vaidik Eswar Dat...
Agile Testing Alliance
 
#Interactive Session by Vivek Patle and Jahnavi Umarji, "Empowering Functiona...
Agile Testing Alliance
 

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
"Beyond English: Navigating the Challenges of Building a Ukrainian-language R...
Fwdays
 
PDF
Fl Studio 24.2.2 Build 4597 Crack for Windows Free Download 2025
faizk77g
 
PDF
Chris Elwell Woburn, MA - Passionate About IT Innovation
Chris Elwell Woburn, MA
 
PDF
Python basic programing language for automation
DanialHabibi2
 
PDF
SWEBOK Guide and Software Services Engineering Education
Hironori Washizaki
 
PDF
New from BookNet Canada for 2025: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2025
BookNet Canada
 
PDF
Presentation - Vibe Coding The Future of Tech
yanuarsinggih1
 
PPTX
From Sci-Fi to Reality: Exploring AI Evolution
Svetlana Meissner
 
PDF
HCIP-Data Center Facility Deployment V2.0 Training Material (Without Remarks ...
mcastillo49
 
PDF
Timothy Rottach - Ramp up on AI Use Cases, from Vector Search to AI Agents wi...
AWS Chicago
 
PPTX
Webinar: Introduction to LF Energy EVerest
DanBrown980551
 
PDF
Newgen Beyond Frankenstein_Build vs Buy_Digital_version.pdf
darshakparmar
 
PDF
CIFDAQ Token Spotlight for 9th July 2025
CIFDAQ
 
PDF
Reverse Engineering of Security Products: Developing an Advanced Microsoft De...
nwbxhhcyjv
 
PDF
Bitcoin for Millennials podcast with Bram, Power Laws of Bitcoin
Stephen Perrenod
 
PPTX
Building Search Using OpenSearch: Limitations and Workarounds
Sease
 
PDF
[Newgen] NewgenONE Marvin Brochure 1.pdf
darshakparmar
 
PDF
NewMind AI - Journal 100 Insights After The 100th Issue
NewMind AI
 
PDF
From Code to Challenge: Crafting Skill-Based Games That Engage and Reward
aiyshauae
 
PDF
Building Real-Time Digital Twins with IBM Maximo & ArcGIS Indoors
Safe Software
 
"Beyond English: Navigating the Challenges of Building a Ukrainian-language R...
Fwdays
 
Fl Studio 24.2.2 Build 4597 Crack for Windows Free Download 2025
faizk77g
 
Chris Elwell Woburn, MA - Passionate About IT Innovation
Chris Elwell Woburn, MA
 
Python basic programing language for automation
DanialHabibi2
 
SWEBOK Guide and Software Services Engineering Education
Hironori Washizaki
 
New from BookNet Canada for 2025: BNC BiblioShare - Tech Forum 2025
BookNet Canada
 
Presentation - Vibe Coding The Future of Tech
yanuarsinggih1
 
From Sci-Fi to Reality: Exploring AI Evolution
Svetlana Meissner
 
HCIP-Data Center Facility Deployment V2.0 Training Material (Without Remarks ...
mcastillo49
 
Timothy Rottach - Ramp up on AI Use Cases, from Vector Search to AI Agents wi...
AWS Chicago
 
Webinar: Introduction to LF Energy EVerest
DanBrown980551
 
Newgen Beyond Frankenstein_Build vs Buy_Digital_version.pdf
darshakparmar
 
CIFDAQ Token Spotlight for 9th July 2025
CIFDAQ
 
Reverse Engineering of Security Products: Developing an Advanced Microsoft De...
nwbxhhcyjv
 
Bitcoin for Millennials podcast with Bram, Power Laws of Bitcoin
Stephen Perrenod
 
Building Search Using OpenSearch: Limitations and Workarounds
Sease
 
[Newgen] NewgenONE Marvin Brochure 1.pdf
darshakparmar
 
NewMind AI - Journal 100 Insights After The 100th Issue
NewMind AI
 
From Code to Challenge: Crafting Skill-Based Games That Engage and Reward
aiyshauae
 
Building Real-Time Digital Twins with IBM Maximo & ArcGIS Indoors
Safe Software
 

Is your code Toggled?!? By Devi Sridharan & Siddhartha Deshpande

  • 1. Is your code Toggled?!? Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering Devi Sridharan Siddhartha Deshpande
  • 2. What is Agile? Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 3. According to Agile Manifesto... The Agile Manifesto is based on 12 principles 1.Customer satisfaction by rapid delivery of useful software 2.Welcome changing requirements, even late in development 3.Working software is delivered frequently (weeks rather than months) 4.Close, daily cooperation between business people and developers 5.Projects are built around motivated individuals, who should be trusted 6.Face-to-face conversation is the best form of communication (co-location) 7.Working software is the principal measure of progress 8.Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace 9.Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design 10.Simplicity—the art of maximizing the amount of work not done—is essential 11.Self-organizing teams 12.Regular adaptation to changing circumstances Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 4. Branches -Release branch Master & single work-in-branch -Feature branch o Master & Multiple branches Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 5. Release Branch -Delayed integration -Hotfixes has to wait till next release. -Can’t add any code if its not part of current release Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering Trunk Release Branches
  • 6. Feature Branches -Merging becomes very difficult -Increases the testing effort -Lot of time spent on Regression & Integration Testing -Reduces the re-usability of shared automate test-suite Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering Feature 1 Trunk Feature 2
  • 7. Feature Toggle!?! -What is toggle? -Feature Toggle is a conditional statement that hides certain functionality. Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 8. Guard the code Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 9. Types of Feature Toggles -Release Toggles: (Development Environment) - Hide incomplete features and are removed as soon as feature is ready -Business Toggles: (Business Sponsors) - Enable feature for group of people and can be changed on fly Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 10. Feature Toggles is opt for…. -Hiding or disabling new features in UI -Hiding/Disabling new components -To support multiple versions of feature/component -Adding new feature to an application -Enhancing an existing feature Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 11. How to implement ? - Config files - Toggle manager controlled by Admin - Session cookie Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 12. Lets Toggle!! Few ways to control the application using toggles -via server-side -via client-side -URL parameterization -Javascript Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 13. via server pros -Feature is available,till next build is deployed -No further setup is needed cons -Need to wait for deployment to complete -Switching between toggles is difficult Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 14. via client - Need to know feature flag to enable it - Feature is available,only on local machine - Testing becomes easier,as we have more control of application Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 15. Business toggles -Used in production environment -To enable A/B testing -Release features to group of users for early feedback Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 16. While implementing toggles... -Try to keep less number of toggles -Mutually Exclusive toggles -Remove the toggles as soon as corresponding feature is implemented completely Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 17. What will you achieve…?! -Continuous integration -More visibility into all work streams -No merge conflicts and hence easy to refactor the code -Reduced time spent on testing Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 18. Having said…. Feature toggle is second best solution. The best solution is to find a way to gradually integrate, without feature toggles or feature switches Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering
  • 19. Confidential | Copyright © Agile Testing Alliance Global Gathering

Editor's Notes

  • #8: Feature Toggles are also known as feature flags, feature switches, feature flippers, conditional features.