VISUAL IMPAIRMENT.pdf

Visual Impairment
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D (Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34

Visual Impairment
•Visual impairment is the common
term used to indicate any degree of
vision loss.
•Visual impairment includes both
blindness and low vision.
•Both blindness and low vision are
different from each other in terms of
loss and functions of vision.
4/14/2022 2

Visual impairment-Definition
Visual impairments including
blindness are defined as
“vision that, even with
correction, adversely
affects a child’s educational
performance. The term
includes both low vision and
blindness.”
4/14/2022 3

Legal Blindness
• The term ‘legal
blindness’ is
defined as central
visual acuity of
6/60 in the better
eye after the best
possible
correction.
4/14/2022 4

Blindness Definition
•PWD Act ,1995 –Defines: “Total absence
of sight ,or Visual acuity not
exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 ( Snellen )
in the better eye with correcting lenses;
or limitation of the field of vision
subtending an angle of 20 degree or
worse”.
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THE BLIND
• A blind child is one whose
vision is not defective that
he cannot be educated
through visual methods,
and hence has to be
educated through channels
other than vision.
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TYPES OF VISION
Totally Blind
• No eyesight is available in both eyes of
person with total blindness. Therefore ,
totally blind is defined as complete
absence of visual perception.
Partially Sighted
• A person who has the visual acuity of 6/21
(20/70) or less in the bettereye after the
best possible correction is known as partially
sighted. Thus, the remaining vision is useful
most for learning.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS
CONGENITAL
BLINDNESS
ADVENTITIOUS
BLINDNESS
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Low Vision
• WHO -1992 defines “low vision ” as “a person
with low vision is one who has impairment of
visual functioning even after treatment and /or
standard refractive correction , and has a visual
acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception or a
visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point
of fixation , but who uses , or is potentially able to
use vision for the planning or execution of a task.”.
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Definition for low vision in Indian Context
• “ Low vision person has the
visual acuity from 20/200
(Snellen) to 70/200 or
6/18 to 6/60 in the better
eye after the best possible
correction.”
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CATEGORIES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
CATEGORY VISUAL ACUITY WHO - STANDARD WHO - WORKING INDIAN
DEFINITION
1 6/6-6/18 Normal Normal Normal
2 <6/18-6/60 Visual Impairment Low Vision Low Vision
3 <6/60-3/60 Severe Visual Impairment Low Vision Blind
4 <3/60-1/60 Blind Low Vision Blind
5 <1/60-PL Blind Low Vision Blind
6 NPL Blind Total Blindness Total Blindness
4/14/2022 11

Identification of Visually Impaired
Children
• Identification by the teacher and parents:
certainsigns are…
• The child rubs the eyes excessively, watery
eyes, reddened eyelids, covers one eye and
tiltsthe head forward, holds objects and
books close to his eyes, asks other children
for help while taking notes from the black
board & blinks more frequently.
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CONTD.,
 Has squints, complains about
headache following classroom eye
work, bumps into objects or people,
has poor eye-handcoordination,
moves head forward and backward
while looking at distant objects, has
smaller eyelids, seems very sensitive
to light.
4/14/2022 13

Identification of Visually Impaired Children
Identification using tests:
These areasfollows:
 Interim Hayes-BinetTestfor I.Q.
Age 6 +
 WISC – R
 Perkins-BinetTests
 The Blind LearningAptitude Test
(BLAT)- chronological age (6 –
20)
 Kohs Block DesignTest
4/14/2022 14

Identification by thetests of behaviour and
social development characteristics
 The Hapticintelligencescalefor adultblind
 WechslerAdult Intelligence Scale (WAIS
Test) (verbal)
 The SlossonIntelligencetest
 PeabodyPictureVocabularyTest(PPVT)
(partially sighted)
 IllinoisTestof PsycholinguisticAbilities
 BoehmTestof Basic Concepts
4/14/2022 15

Identification by thetests of behaviour and
social development characteristics
 BayleyScales of Infant Development
(BSID)
 Denver Developmental Screening Test
 Maxfield-Buchholz scale of social
maturity for use with preschool blind
children
 Wide RangeAchievement Test
4/14/2022 16

Identification by thetests of VISION
Visual Efficiency
Scale
Functional Vision
Assessment tool
Snellen Chart
4/14/2022 17

Identification by using Indian tests
C. M. Bhatia’s Battery
of Performance
Tests of Intelligence
Vithoba Paknikar
Performance Tests
for the Blind
4/14/2022 18

Causes of Visual Impairment
Ocular
General
disease
Injuries
4/14/2022 19

Other Causes of Visual Impairment
Amblyopia
Corneal
opacification
Degenerative
myopia
Diabetic
retinopathy
Xerophthalmia
Retinitis
pigmentosa
4/14/2022 20

TEACHER’S APPROACHES TO ELIMINATE THE
VISUAL DEFECTS
1. The children should be made to sit in first row
2. Light should not be directly focused on them.
3. They should be given felt pen or sketch pen or marker pen while writing.
4. Contrastingcolours and bold letters are essential in the teaching learning material.
5. While writing on the board, the teacher reads it.
6. Constant listening to the recorded words and phrases.
7. Clay models are used in teaching.
8. Abacus and Taylor Frame instruments are used to teach Mathematics.
9. Distribution of enlarged Xerox copies of scripts to the students with low vision.
10. Usage of safe teaching learning materials.
11. Tactile based pictures are used to teach science and social science
12. Teaching through tactile sense, hearing sense, skill of tasteand smell are mostly used.
4/14/2022 21

INSTRUMENTS FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED
 Braille slates and styles
 Braille machine
 Abacus, Taylor Frame
 Cassette Recorder, Magnifier
 Embossed Diagram
 Reading Book stand
 Relieve sheet, Long cane
 Braille text book
 Rattleball, Magnetic Chess
4/14/2022 22

Prevention of Visual
Impairment
Global initiatives for eliminating
Blindness
National and Collaborative Efforts
 Preventive Measures
ICDS- Anganwadi
Primary Health care Institutions
Through Public Awareness

Educational Programs
Special
School
Integrated
Education
Inclusive
Education
4/14/2022 24

Plus Curriculum
• Doesn’t mean extra curriculum
• It is a compensatory curriculum
• This is for the children with visual
impairment.
• The specific skills peculiar to blindness are
called “plus curriculum skills”.
• Plus curricular skills include Braille reading,
Braille writing, orientation and mobility, daily
living skills, sensory training, use of mathematical
devices such as abacus, Taylor frame etc.
4/14/2022 25

4/14/2022 Dr. C. BEULAH JAYARANI 26
References
“Inclusive Education”
• TNTEU – Study Material
• Ram Publications
• Sri Krishna Publications
• Samyukdha Publications
• Google Images

VISUAL IMPAIRMENT.pdf

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VISUAL IMPAIRMENT.pdf