An101 lecture 3 4 fall 15 primates-1 (1)
- 1. Anthro 101: Human Biological Evolution Lecture 3 & 4: Primate Adaptations & Comparative Anatomy
- 2. Classifying species into taxa • Linnaeus u physical similarity u Genus species, e.g. Homo sapiens • Darwin u similarity due to common descent VERTEBRATES Birds Mammals Sparrow Flamingo Lion Squirrel
- 4. Where do we fit in? Homo sapiens • Kingdom: Animal • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Primates • Suborder: Anthropoidea • Infraorder: Catarrhini • Superfamily: Hominoidea • Family: Hominidae • Subfamily: Homininae • Tribe: Hominini • Genus: Homo • Species: Homo sapiens
- 6. Which of these animals are primates? Galago Tarsier Possum Loris
- 7. Which of these animals are primates? Coati Lemur Red Panda Sifaka
- 8. Some primates are easier to recognize Gorilla Capuchin Rhesus
- 9. Primates are a diverse order
- 10. Basic primate phylogeny (relationships) Lemurs, lorisesTarsiers ProsimiiAnthropoidea New World Monkeys Old World MonkeysApes & humans Haplorhines Strepsirrhines Primates (Hominoidea) Platyrhines Cataryhines
- 11. Phylogeny for apes: Hominoidea Gorillinae Panini Bonobo Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon
- 12. What makes an animal a primate? • Features of hand & feet u Grasping big toe u Grasping hands ¨ Some opposable thumbs u Sensitive finger tips ¨ Finger prints! u Flat nails u Generalized limb structure
- 13. What makes an animal a primate? Features of the sensory organs - Vision • Forward facing eyes ¨ Binocular vision • Stereoscopic vision u Information sent to both hemispheres of brain • Depth perception • Color vision • Limited olfactory senses (except prosimians) Pygmy marmoset Golden monkey
- 14. Binocular Vision
- 16. What makes an animal a primate? Features of life history • K-selected u Large maternal investment in care • Small litters • Long pregnancy • Long infancy • Long juvenile period • Long mother-infant bond • Long life span • Long reproductive period Savanna baboon
- 17. What makes an animal a primate? Features of the teeth Generalized teeth, four kinds, many functions Comparison:
- 18. • Enclosed bony eye sockets What makes an animal a primate? Features of the skull • Comparison: cat skull
- 19. What makes an animal a primate? Large brain relative to body size & an emphasis on learning
- 21. Figure 05.05 Primates are mainly restricted to the tropics
- 22. But, monkeys have also adapted to wide range of habitats Primary tropical forest Secondary forest Desert Temperate forests
- 23. What are these adaptations for? 1. Arboreal Hypothesis u Stereoscopic vision u Grasping hands u Nails = adapted for life in the trees But squirrels do pretty well without thumbs…
- 24. galago What are these adaptations for? 2. Visual Predation Hypothesis u Analogy with insectivores u Stalk and capture insects u Depth perception u Grasping hands = adapted to catch fast moving prey
- 25. What are these adaptations good for? 3. Angiosperm Radiation hypothesis • Adapted to eat flowering plants • Color vision • Fine visual & tactile discrimination
- 26. RECAP QUIZ
- 27. Question • What characterizes primates? • A prize for the person who can accurately name the most traits!!!!
- 28. Basic primate phylogeny (relationships) Lemurs, lorisesTarsiers ProsimiiAnthropoidea New World Monkeys Old World MonkeysApes & humans Haplorhines Strepsirrhines Primates (Hominoidea) Platyrhines Cataryhines
- 29. Prosimians are the most primitive primates (Strepsirhines) The most different from us • Many are nocturnal • Many are solitary • Some w/ claws instead of nails • Some w/ acute sense of smell u Rhinarium u Scent marking Two types: Lorises Lemurs Potto (Loris) Bush Baby (Loris)
- 30. Prosimians divided into two groups: Lemurs • Only on Madagascar • No competition from other primates • No large predators on island, until humans 1500 ya • Many different species sifaka dwarf lemur avahi aye aye
- 31. Haplorhines: Monkeys, Apes, Tarsiers Most of the primate adaptations • Vision > Olfaction • Eyes surrounded by bone • Fused midline of lower jaw • Diurnal u Except Tarsiers u Except Owl monkey • Social u Except Orangutan • Larger brain Red faced spider monkey
- 32. Tarsier: Prosimian & Haplorhine • Mixture of anthropoid & prosimian traits • Dry nose • Partially closed eye socket • Nocturnal • Only carnivorous primate • Eat insects and small vertebrates
- 33. Anthropoids: monkeys & apes New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) • Latin America • Diurnal • Arboreal • Tropical forests • Dental formula (I.C.P.M.) 2.1.3.3 2.1.3.3
- 34. Anthropoids: monkeys & apes Old World monkeys & apes (Catarrhini) • Africa & Asia • All diurnal • Some arboreal, some terrestrial • Broad habitat range • Ischial callosities • Sexual skin • Dental formula 2.1.2.3 2.1.2.3 Barbary Macaque © Karyn Sig Spectacled langur Black and white colobus
- 35. Phylogeny for apes: Hominoidea Gorillinae Panini Bonobo Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Gibbon
- 36. Apes: Hominoidea • Bigger brains • Extended life-history • Complex social interactions • Large body size • No tails • Suspensory locomotion • Hylobatidae (lesser apes) u Gibbons & Siamangs • Ponginae (orangutans) • Gorillinae (gorillas) • Homininae u Panini (chimps & bonobos) u Hominini (Humans)
- 37. RECAP QUIZ
- 38. Question: Match the traits with the taxonomic groups – a trait may belong to more than one group 1. Strepsirrhines 2. Platyrrhines 3. Catarrhine Monkeys 4. Hominoidea a. Color vision b. Extended life history c. Scent marking d. Opposable thumb e. Dental comb f. No tail g. Rhinarium
- 40. Forms of Locomotion • Vertical Clinging & Leaping • Arboreal Quadrupedalism u Use of prehensile tail in some species • Terrestrial Quadrupedalism • Brachiation • Knuckle walking • Bipedalism
- 41. Horse Skeleton - specialized
- 42. Primate Skeleton - generalized Colobus Monkey
- 43. In Class Activity • Skeletal features to note: u Body position (upright (orthograde) or horizontal (pronograde) u Length & shape of trunk (torso – barrel or wide and flat) u Position of shoulder blade (scapula – side or back) u Spine shape (C or S shaped) u Limb length (arms vs. legs) u Finger length (fingers, thumbs) u Length of tail
- 44. Intermembral Index • humerus + radius x 100 femur + tibia • hindlimbs vs. forelimb u longer in the part that does the most work • Bipeds & vertical clinging and leaping u hindlimb longer than forelimb • Quadrupeds u Approx equal lengths • Brachiators u forelimbs longer than hindlimbs
- 45. Vertical clinging and leaping - prosimians • Vertical body u Orthograde • Push off branch with hindlimbs • Turn midair and land vertically again • Bush babies • Sifakas • Lemurs Sifaka
- 46. Arboreal quadrupeds – monkeys • Arboreal - run & leap • Walk on palms on top of branches • Push off with hindlimbs • Stabilize with tail (long) • Pronograde (horizontal) posture • Longer fingers & toes to grab branch • Approx. equal limb length • Prehensile tails in NWM • No terrestrial species in NWM Owl Monkey Squirrel Monkey Diana Monkey
- 47. Arboreal Quadrupeds • New World u Hands + prehensile tail • Old World u Hands, no tail use
- 48. Terrestrial quadrupeds - Old world monkeys • Lots of time on ground, but also in trees • Pronograde (horizontal) posture • Walks on palm/toes (shorter digits) • Rarely hang full weight from arms • Scapula on sides of body (plane of motion, shoulder rotation limited) • Shorter tail – not balancing baboon Mandrill © Robert Young
- 49. Brachiation - gibbons • Shoulder blade on the back rather than top of torso u Full range of arm motion • Long, curved fingers • Small thumbs • Long arms • No tail Siamang
- 50. Knuckle-walking - chimps & gorillas • Great apes too large to brachiate frequently u Still use upper body and arms, suspend body when they do • Stronger wrists bones than brachiators in order to support weight on arms • Brachiating ancestors u Longer arms u Longer fingers u No tail u Scapula on back Chimpanzee
- 51. Hominoids: Homininae: Hominini Bipedalism • Unique to humans (hominins) • Modifications to: u Pelvis u Knees & legs u Feet
- 52. Changes in the pelvis narrowly center our weight Human pelvis is a bowl u Maintains the center of gravity over one foot while walking Chimp pelvis is longer and narrower
- 53. • S-shaped curves in spinal column keep trunk centered over pelvis • Lumbar curve • C-shaped curve in chimps more Changes in the spine center our weight over the pelvis
- 54. To walk efficiently, knees must be close to center line of body • Femur slants inward from wide pelvis u Centers weight for balance • Longer leg bones u Increased stride chimp human
- 55. • Arched foot u spring -like shock absorbers u Heel-toe stride • Loss of opposable toe • Stiff foot makes better platform Bipedality also causes changes in the feet
- 56. Changes in the skull: Foramen magnum • Hole in skull where spinal cord and brain connect • Position indicates body posture • Human skull is balanced on tops
- 57. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: HANDS AND SKULLS
- 58. Comparative anatomy of manipulation • Apes long curved fingers & short thumb • Humans shorter fingers & longer thumb u precision grip Human hand
- 59. Brain Size Lemur Howler monkey (NWM) à OWM
- 60. Features of the skull Prognathism Enclosed eye Orbits Canine size
- 61. Features of the skull Sagittal crest Flared zygomatic arches Postorbital constriction Sexual dimorphism Male and female gorilla
- 62. RECAP QUIZ
- 63. Question • Which of these are characteristic of humans but not other primates? (you may choose more than 1) a. Long fingers & short thumb b. Large projecting canines c. Largest brain d. Bowl shaped pelvis e. Long tails f. Pronograde
- 64. Next Time … • Topic: Primate Behavior • Read articles: u Primate Sociality and Social Systems u Primate Cognition