Internetworking devices
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Networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and gateways interconnect networks and manage data flow. Hubs operate at the physical layer and connect segments but do not filter traffic. Switches operate at the data link layer and can direct traffic to specific ports for better performance than hubs. Routers operate at the network layer and can connect networks across LANs, MANs, and WANs using IP addressing to route packets. Gateways can operate at multiple layers and act as connections between different network protocols or applications.
Internetworking devices
- 1. Internetworking Devices
- 2. Introducing Network Elements • Networking devices interconnects networks • Manage data flow and network traffic
- 3. Repeaters • Operate at Physical Layer of the OSI model Reshape the weak signal Connect two segments of the same LAN
- 4. Hubs - I Simplest and low cost device Also known as Multi-port Repeater Operates at Physical Layer like Repeater Data transfer to all the ports Hub types: Active hub – Provides signal regeneration Passive hub – No signal regeneration Intelligent hub – Provides management of each port
- 6. Hubs Configurations Hub configurations can be used to expand networks.
- 7. Bridges - I Layer 2 devices as it works at Data Link Layer of the OSI model Interconnect multiple LANs and manages data flow
- 8. Bridges - II Working of a bridge
- 9. Bridges - III • Capable of passing a frame • Check Physical address • Pass frame to the specified segment • Perform error checking on the frame
- 10. Types of Bridge • Transparent Bridge – common in ethernet network • Translational bridge – used to connect two different network such as ethernet and token ring • Source-route Bridge – found in token ring technology
- 11. Bridges - IV • Features – Easy to use as just plug in device – Helps in network expansion – Divides large network into small segments – Used for increasing network reliability Disadvantages – Frames are buffered so provides network delay – During high traffic may overload network – Does not filter broadcast packets – Expensive than Repeaters
- 12. Switches Provide signal flow management Replace slower hub Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address for data transfer Data transfer to specific port
- 13. Multispeed Switches • Having number of ports such as 100 Base T and one or two gigabit ports • Port detects the speed of NIC and runs at that speed is called auto sensing • Port runs at 10, 100 or gigabit is referred to as 10/100/1000 port
- 14. Routers - I Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model Can connect nearer or far network segments
- 15. Routers - II • Works in LAN, MAN and WAN environments • Having LAN and WAN ports • WAN port connects to regular phone line or more advanced telephone connection like ISDN, ADSL, T1 or may be a cable modem • Route the packets seeing the IP address stored in the packet • Comes in variety shapes, sizes and functions
- 16. Routers - III Decide the best route with the help of network layer address Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of packet For routing decisions routers use routing algoritm Router types: Static router – Routing tables are manually configured Dynamic router – Routing tables are automatically configured
- 17. Routing Protocols - I Router considers number of hops, time delay and link cost to find the best path An autonomous system (AS) consists of network groups and routers which are managed by a single organisation
- 18. Gateways - I Operate at all layers of the OSI model Act as gate to other networks A default gateway is on the same subnet as your computer
- 19. Gateways - II Address Gateway – Interconnects same protocol networks Protocol Gateway – Interconnects different protocol networks Application Gateway – Connects two parts of applications Transport Gateway – Connects networks at transport layer
- 20. Other Devices - I Multi-protocol router supports multiple communication protocols Like router, it operates at Network Layer
- 21. Other Devices - II Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and Router Works at two layers, Data Link and Network Can operate only as bridge or only as router High performance switch operating at network layer is Layer 3 Switch