HOSPITAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
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The document discusses the identification of mixed-up urine samples in a hospital biochemistry laboratory, detailing the patients' conditions and their corresponding urine tests for glucose and protein. It explains the significance of urinalysis in diagnosing various medical conditions, including diabetes and kidney issues, and highlights the importance of accurately attributing samples to avoid misdiagnosis. Additionally, it describes the potential causes of symptoms in patients, particularly focusing on glycosuria and protein presence in pregnant women and suggests further investigations for unexplained tiredness.
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HOSPITAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
- 1. SORTING OUT MISTAKES IN THE HOSPITAL BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY The aim of this practical was to sort out mistakes in the hospital biochemistry laboratory where as laboratory has mixed up some urine samples because the label has been lost
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Laboratory is the special room designed for conducting scientific experiments, test or investigations. • Hospital laboratory are responsible for analyzing a huge variety of sample using microscopy looking for malaria parasites and biochemical test for testing glucose in blood and urine. • A urine test checks different components of the urine, a waste product made by kidney. • Urinalysis is the set of screening test that can detect some common diseases .
- 3. Intro……continues • A regular urine test maybe done to find out causes of symptoms the test can give information about health of the person Urine has many different waste ,what we eat and drink, how much we exercise how well our kidney work affect what is in the urine • A urine test can be done to check for the disease or infection of the urinary track. • Symptoms of the urine infection may include coloured or bad smell, pain when urinating, find it hard to urinate and blood in the urine. • A test may also be done to the treatment of a condition such as diabetes, kidney s stone, a urinary tract infection (UTI) or liver disease
- 4. Intro…..continues • In this experiment we are provided with urine samples and these are • Mr. A: she is pregnant suffering from high blood pressure • Mr. B: He is 55 years who has diabetes. • Miss C: She was a woman in her 30s who is often tired. The doctor suspected diabetes, but in fact her urine sample is normal • Mr. D: He was a man in his 2os who had bad accident on his bodaboda. He was hit in the back and one kidney is damaged. Since his urine samples were mixed up, we did experiment so as to sort out and to identify the urine sample of each patient
- 5. MATERIALS • Minimum of 10cm3 of each urine samples • 2×103 syringes, 8 test tubes rack • test tubes holder • Bunsen burner • benedict reagent • Burette reagent • marker/labels and distilled water bottles.
- 6. PROCEDURES • We were provided with four urine sample labelled W,X,Y,Z • We observed and noticed on the appearances of each of the sample and recorded the colour change • We tested each urine sample for protein and glucose and the result were recoded as follow
- 8. S/N TEST FOR PROCEDURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE 1 Glucose 5cm3 of urine sample W,X,Y,Z was placed into test tube then equal amount of benedict reagent was added an heated at 90oc for five minutes Sample solution X colour changed from green, yellow and finally brick red Glucose was present Sample solution W Nothing observed(no colour change) Glucose was absent Sample solution Y Retained colour of the reagent Glucose was absent Sample solution Z coloured changed from yellow, green, orange, and finally brick red Glucose was present QUESTION 1.
- 9. S/N TEST FOR PROCEDURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE 2 Protein 5cm3 of urine sample W,X,Y,Z was placed into test tube then equal amount of NaOH solution was added then followed by few drops of CUSO4 solution then shaken well Violent colour observed in sample solution S Protein was present No colour change was observed in sample solution W Protein was absent Purple colour was observed in sample solution Y Protein was present Sample solution Z retained colour of the reagent Protein was absent QUESTION 1. cont…..
- 10. QUESTION cont…… 1. (a) There are two basic causes of glycosuria. One is that the level of blood glucose is so high that the renal tubules are unable to reabsorb all that is presented. • The other is a failure of the tubules to reabsorb all glucose at a level where this should be possible. The latter is called renal glycosuria. • NOTE: Glycosuria a condition characterized by an excess of sugar in the urine, typically associated with diabetes or kidney disease. • Frequent or ongoing high blood sugar can cause damage to your nerves, blood vessels, and organs.
- 11. • 1 b) The reason for the presence of protein the urine of a pregnant woman may be due to chronic high , blood pressure which cause the condition known as preeclampsia • Develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy is marked by high blood pressure and high levels of protein in free clampsia • A lot of small blood pressure clamp down in the liver the kidneys, the brain and other • Preeclampsia may also caused by an imbalance in prostaglandins hence to the presence of protein urine of pregnant woman.
- 12. • . Urinary Tract Infection Or Kidney Infection: • The presence of protein in urine while pregnant can also be because of urinary tract infections. Here is what you should check: • Urinary tract infections must be treated promptly to avoid conditions like kidney infections that may surface in the form of back pains, vomiting, nausea, and chills. • Infection in the urinary tract may also affect one’s baby. It leads to premature delivery and low birth weights.
- 13. Questions 1. C. Another investigation that doctor may want to carry out to determine why miss C is so tired is simple blood test. The blood should be checked to look out physical causes such as lack of iron (anaemia) and an underactive Thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). • Tiredness may be caused by wide range of physical illness, for example • A tendency to be lacking in iron(anaemia) • An underactive thyroid gland(hypothyroidism)
- 14. Questions…..continue • Heart failure • Bowel problems(for example coeliac diseases) • Chest illness(including asthma and chronic abstractive pulmonary diseases) • As well as diabetes as suggested before
- 15. Iron Deficiency Anaemia • Is a condition where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells. • Iron is used to produce red blood cells, which help store and carry oxygen in the blood. • If you have fewer red blood cells than is normal, your organs and tissue won’t get as much as they usually would • Most common symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are • Tiredness and lack of energy
- 16. Iron Deficiency Anaemia….continues • Shortness of breath • Noticeable heart(heart palpitation) • Hence the level of iron in the blood should be investigated. Also Anaemia caused by lack of vitamin B12 can be the cause of tiredness. • The lack of vitamin B12cause the body to produce abnormal large blood cell that can’t function properly. • RBCs carry oxygen around the body and remove CO2 out of the body using hemoglobin. Vitamin B12 perform several functions including keeping nervous system healthy. • A deficiency problems, commonly extreme tiredness and lack of energy.
- 17. Underactive thyroid gland • Hypothyroidism occurs when thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. • The common symptom of this is tiredness, weight gain and feeling depressed