Perspective TLE Grade 8
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This document defines and describes different types of graphical perspective projections used in art and technical drawings. It explains that linear perspective involves objects appearing smaller and closer to vanishing points as their distance from the viewer increases. The types of perspectives discussed include one-point, two-point, three-point, aerial, curvilinear, and foreshortening perspectives. Each type involves a specific arrangement of horizon lines and vanishing points that lines in the drawing recede towards.
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Perspective TLE Grade 8
- 2. • Linear or point-projection perspective (from Latin: perspicere 'to see through') is one of two types of graphical projection perspective in the graphic arts; the other is parallel projection. • Linear perspective is an approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye. • The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases, and that they are subject to foreshortening, meaning that an object's dimensions along the line of sight appear shorter than its dimensions across the line of sight. • All objects will recede to points in the distance, usually along the horizon line, but also above and below the horizon line depending on the view used.
- 3. Perspective drawings have a horizon line, which is often implied. This line, directly opposite the viewer's eye, represents objects infinitely far away. They have shrunk, in the distance, to the infinitesimal thickness of a line. It is analogous to (and named after) the Earth's horizon.
- 4. Any perspective representation of a scene that includes parallel lines has one or more vanishing points in a perspective drawing. A one-point perspective drawing means that the drawing has a single vanishing point, usually (though not necessarily) directly opposite the viewer's eye and usually (though not necessarily) on the horizon line. All lines parallel with the viewer's line of sight recede to the horizon towards this vanishing point. This is the standard "receding railroad tracks" phenomenon. A two-point drawing would have lines parallel to two different angles. Any number of vanishing points are possible in a drawing, one for each set of parallel lines that are at an angle relative to the plane of the drawing.
- 5. Types of Perspective Drawings •Aerial perspective •One-point perspective •Two-point perspective •Three-point perspective •Curvilinear perspective •Foreshortening
- 6. Aerial perspective Aerial (or atmospheric) perspective depends on distant objects being more obscured by atmospheric factors, so farther objects are less visible to the viewer. In general, distant objects become lighter in daytime and darker at night as they recede. Aerial perspective can be combined with, but does not depend on, one or more vanishing points.
- 7. One-point perspective A drawing has one-point perspective when it contains only one vanishing point on the horizon line. This type of perspective is typically used for images of roads, railway tracks, hallways, or buildings viewed so that the front is directly facing the viewer. Any objects that are made up of lines either directly parallel with the viewer's line of sight or directly perpendicular (the railroad ties/sleepers) can be represented with one-point perspective. These parallel lines converge at the vanishing point.
- 8. Two-point perspective A drawing has two-point perspective when it contains two vanishing points on the horizon line. In an illustration, these vanishing points can be placed arbitrarily along the horizon. Two- point perspective can be used to draw the same objects as one-point perspective, rotated: looking at the corner of a house, or at two forked roads shrinking into the distance, for example. One point represents one set of parallel lines, the other point represents the other. Seen from the corner, one wall of a house would recede towards one vanishing point while the other wall recedes towards the opposite vanishing point.
- 9. Three-point perspective Three-point perspective is often used for buildings seen from above (or below). In addition to the two vanishing points from before, one for each wall, there is now one for how the vertical lines of the walls recede. For an object seen from above, this third vanishing point is below the ground. For an object seen from below, as when the viewer looks up at a tall building, the third vanishing point is high in space.
- 10. Curvilinear perspective By superimposing two perpendicular, curved sets of two-point perspective lines, a four-or- above-point curvilinear perspective can be achieved. This perspective can be used with a central horizon line of any orientation, and can depict both a worm's-eye and bird's-eye view at the same time. Additionally, a central vanishing point can be used (just as with one- point perspective) to indicate frontal (foreshortened) depth.
- 11. Foreshortening Foreshortening is the visual effect or optical illusion that causes an object or distance to appear shorter than it actually is because it is angled toward the viewer. Additionally, an object is often not scaled evenly: a circle often appears as an ellipse and a square can appear as a trapezoid.