Chapter10
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management. It discusses the differences between file processing systems and database approaches, common database management systems, and different data models including relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional databases. The key functions of databases are to organize data to allow for easy access, retrieval, and use of information through techniques like queries, forms, and reports. Databases aim to ensure data integrity and security through features such as validation checks, access privileges, backups, and recovery utilities.
Chapter10
- 1. Discovering Computers 2008 Chapter 10 Database Manageme nt
- 2. Chapter 10 Objectives Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs Identify the qualities of valuable information Identify the qualities of valuable information Explain why data is important to an organization Explain why data is important to an organization Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file Identify file maintenance techniquesIdentify file maintenance techniques Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional databases Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional databases Explain how to interact with Web databasesExplain how to interact with Web databases Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators Next Define the term, databaseDefine the term, database
- 3. Add, change, and delete data Add, change, and delete data Create database Create database Sort and retrieve data Sort and retrieve data Create forms and reports Create forms and reports Data and Information What is a database? p. 514 - 515 Next Database software allows you to Database software allows you to Collection of data organized so you can access, retrieve, and use it Collection of data organized so you can access, retrieve, and use it Database software also called database management system (DBMS) Database software also called database management system (DBMS)
- 4. Data and Information How are data and information related? p. 514 - 515 Fig. 10-1 Next Data is a collection of unprocessed items Information is data that is organized and meaningful Computers process data into information
- 5. Data and Information What is data integrity? p. 516 Next Degree to which data is correct Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)—computer phrase that means you cannot create correct information from incorrect data Garbage out Garbage in Data integrity is lost Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Data Security below Chapter 10
- 6. UsefulUseful AccessibleAccessible OrganizedOrganized Data and Information What are the qualities of valuable information? p. 516 - 517 Next TimelyTimely VerifiableVerifiable AccurateAccurate Cost-effectiveCost-effective
- 7. The Hierarchy of Data What is a hierarchy? p. 517 Fig. 10-2 Next Database contains files, file contains records, record contains fields, field contains characters
- 8. The Hierarchy of Data What is a field? p. 518 Fig. 10-3 Next Combination of one or more characters Smallest unit of data user accesses Field name uniquely identifies each field Field size defines the maximum number of characters a field can contain Data type specifies kind of data field contains
- 9. Yes/NoYes/No (also called Boolean)— only the values Yes or No (or True or False) HyperlinkHyperlink Web address that links to document or Web page ObjectObject (also called BLOB for binary large object)—photograph, audio, video, or document created in other application such as word processing or spreadsheet The Hierarchy of Data What are common data types? p. 518 Next CurrencyCurrency dollar and cent amounts or numbers containing decimal values DateDate month, day, year, and sometimes time MemoMemo lengthy text entries TextText (also called alphanumeric) —letters, numbers, or special characters NumericNumeric numbers only AutoNumberAutoNumber unique number automatically assigned to each new record
- 10. The Hierarchy of Data What is a record? p. 519 Next Group of related fields Key field, or primary key, uniquely identifies each record
- 11. The Hierarchy of Data What is a data file? p. 518 – 519 Fig. 10-4 Next Collection of related records stored on disk key field records fields 2 East Penn Drive 99 Tenth Street 33 Timmons Place 33099 Clark Street 54 Lucy Court Address Pittsboro Carmel Cincinnati Montgomery Shelbyville City INRuizAdelbert3928 INElena4872 OHDrakeLouella3876 ALMurrayShannon2928 INBrewerMilton2295 StateLast NameFirst NameMember ID Gupta
- 12. Maintaining Data What is file maintenance? p. 520 Next Changing recordsAdding records Deleting records Procedures that keep data current
- 13. Maintaining Data Why do you add records? p. 520 Fig. 10-5 Next Add new record when you obtain new data
- 14. Maintaining Data Why do you change records? p. 521 Fig. 10-6 Next Correct inaccurate data Update old data
- 15. Maintaining Data Why do you delete records? p. 522 Fig. 10-7 Next When record no longer is needed Some programs remove record immediately, others flag record
- 16. Maintaining Data What is validation? p. 522 - 523 Fig. 10-8 Next Process of comparing data with a set of rules to find out if data is correct Reduce data entry errors and enhance data integrity before program writes data on disk
- 17. Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields Maintaining Data p. 523 Next What are the types of validity checks? Range Check determines whether number is within specified range Completeness Check verifies that a required field contains data Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value Alphabetic/ Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered
- 18. Isolated data —data stored in separate files so it is difficult to access Isolated data —data stored in separate files so it is difficult to access File Processing Versus Databases What is a file processing system? p. 524 Next Data redundancy— same fields stored in multiple files Data redundancy— same fields stored in multiple files Each department or area within organization has own set of files Each department or area within organization has own set of files May have weaknesses May have weaknesses Records in one file may not relate to records in any other file Records in one file may not relate to records in any other file
- 19. File Processing Versus Databases What is the database approach? p. 524 - 525 Fig. 10-9 Next Many programs and users can share data in database Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data
- 20. File Processing Versus Databases What are the strengths of the database approach? p. 525 Next Reduced data redundancy Reduced data redundancy Improved data integrity Improved data integrity Shared data Shared data Easier access Easier access Reduced development time Reduced development time
- 21. File Processing Versus Databases How do a database application and a file processing application differ in the way they store data? p. 525 Fig. 10-10 Next
- 22. Database Management Systems What are popular database management systems (DBMSs)? p. 526 Fig. 10-11 Next Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click MySQL below Chapter 10
- 23. Database Management Systems What is a data dictionary? p. 527 Fig. 10-12 Next Contains data about each file in database and each field within those files
- 24. Database Management Systems What is a query? p. 528 - 529 Fig. 10-13 Next Request for specific data from a database Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or storeClick to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Query below Chapter 10
- 25. Database Management Systems What is a query by example (QBE)? p. 528 - 529 Fig. 10-14 Next Program retrieves records that match criteria entered in form fields Has a graphical user interface that assists users with retrieving data
- 26. Database Management Systems What is a form? p. 530 Fig. 10-15 Next Window on screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in database Used to retrieve and maintain data in a database Form that sends data across network or Internet is called e-form, short for electronic form
- 27. Database Management Systems What is a report generator? p. 530 Fig. 10-16 Next Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports Also called report writer
- 28. Database Management Systems What is data security? p. 530 - 531 Next Read-only privileges - user can view data, but cannot change it Read-only privileges - user can view data, but cannot change it DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access data DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access data Access privileges define activities that specific user or group of users can perform Access privileges define activities that specific user or group of users can perform Full-update privileges -user can view and change data Full-update privileges -user can view and change data
- 29. Database Management Systems What are backup and log? p. 531 Fig. 10-17 Next Backup is a copy of the entire database Log is a listing of activities that change database contents DBMS places three items in log: before image, actual change, and after image
- 30. Database Management Systems Video: How A Photo Sharing Site Keeps its Data Next CLICK TO START
- 31. Database Management Systems What is a recovery utility? p. 531 - 532 Next Uses logs and/or backups to restore database when it is damaged or destroyed Rollforward—DBMS uses log to re-enter changes made to data- base since last save or backup Also called forward recovery Rollback—DBMS uses log to undo any changes made to database during a certain period of time Also called backward recoveryClick to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Continuous Backup below Chapter 10
- 32. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a data model? p. 532 Fig. 10-18 Next Rules and standards that define how database organizes data Defines how users view organization of data Four popular data models Relational Object-oriented Object-relational Multidimensional
- 33. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a relational database? p. 533 Fig. 10-19 Next Stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns Each row has primary key Each column has unique name Stores data relationships Uses specialized terminology Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Relational Databases below Chapter 10
- 34. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a relationship? p. 533 Fig. 10-20 Next Connection within data
- 35. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is Structured Query Language (SQL)? p. 534 Fig. 10-21 Next Allows you to manage, update, and retrieve data Has special keywords and rules included in SQL statements Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click SQL below Chapter 10
- 36. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is an object-oriented database (OODB)? p. 534 - 535 Next Advantages Often uses object query language (OQL)object query language (OQL) Stores data in objects ObjectObject is item that contains data, as well as actions that read or process data Can store more types of data Can access data faster Programmers can reuse objects Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Object-Oriented Databases below Chapter 10
- 37. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What are examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented database? p. 534 Next Multimedia databasesMultimedia databases Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips Store images, audio clips, and/or video clips Groupware databasesGroupware databases Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals, memos, and reports Store documents such as schedules, calendars, manuals, memos, and reports Computer-aided design (CAD) databases Computer-aided design (CAD) databases Store data about engineering, architectural, and scientific designs Store data about engineering, architectural, and scientific designs Hypertext databasesHypertext databases Contain text links to other documents Contain text links to other documents Hypermedia databasesHypermedia databases Contain text, graphics, video, and sound Contain text, graphics, video, and sound Web databasesWeb databases Link to e-form on Web pageLink to e-form on Web page
- 38. What is a multidimensional database? Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases p. 535 Next Stores data in dimensions Multiple dimensions, also called hypercube, allow users to analyze any view of data Can consolidate data much faster than relational database Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Multidimensional Databases below Chapter 10
- 39. Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a data warehouse? p. 536 Next Data mart is smallerData mart is smaller version of data warehouseversion of data warehouse Uses multidimensionalUses multidimensional databasesdatabases Often uses a process calledOften uses a process called data mining to find patternsdata mining to find patterns and relationships among dataand relationships among data Huge database system that stores and manages dataHuge database system that stores and manages data required to analyze historical and current transactionsrequired to analyze historical and current transactions Quick and efficientQuick and efficient way to access largeway to access large amounts of dataamounts of data
- 40. Web Databases What is a Web database? p. 536 - 537 Fig. 10-23 Next Database you access through the Web by filling in a form on a Web page Usually resides on a database server, a computer that stores and provides access to a database Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Collaborative Databases below Chapter 10
- 41. 3. Design the records and fields for each table 2. Design the tables 1. Determine the purpose of the database1. Determine the purpose of the database 4. Determine the relationships among the tables or files 4. Determine the relationships among the tables or files Design tables on paper first Each table should contain data about one subject Database Administration What are guidelines for developing a database? p. 537 Fig. 10-24 Next Be sure every record has a unique primary key Use separate fields for logically distinct items Do not create fields for information that can be derived from entries in other fields Allow enough space for each field Set default values for frequently entered data
- 42. Database Administration What is the role of the database analyst and administrator? p. 538 Next Database analyst (DA) Database administrator (DBA) Focuses on meaning and usage of data Decides proper placement of fields, defines relationships, and identifies users’ access privileges Creates and maintains data dictionary, manages database security, monitors database performance, and checks backup and recovery procedures Click to view Web Link, click Chapter 10, Click Web Link from left navigation, then click Database Administrators below Chapter 10
- 43. Summary of Database Management Chapter 10 Complete How data and information are valuable assets to an organization How data and information are valuable assets to an organization Methods for maintaining high-quality data Methods for maintaining high-quality data Assessing the quality of valuable information Assessing the quality of valuable information Advantages of organizing data in a database Advantages of organizing data in a database Various types of databasesVarious types of databases Role of the database analysts and administrators Role of the database analysts and administrators