0.Overview of adolescent development – Issues and concerns adolescent education - Bangalore - October 2014

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Adolescence is defined as ages 10-19 years, with India home to the largest number of adolescents globally. It is a transition period characterized by brain development, risk-taking behavior, and onset of psychiatric disorders. In India, many adolescents face challenges including low education levels, child marriage, malnutrition, and gender inequality. Education can help address these issues by providing health education, life skills, civic education, and facilitating the school-to-work transition. It also utilizes positive peer pressure to discourage risky behavior.

Education

Overview of adolescent
development: issues and
concerns
Workshop on Programming for Adolescents
Bengaluru, 30-31 October 2014

Adolescence
Second decade of life – from 10 to 19 years
24 cores of adolescents in India – a 5th of the
population
India is home to the largest number of
adolescents in the world

Adolescent is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood
•School-to-work transition: learning for
work and life
•Growing up healthy: establishing lifelong
patterns of health, nutrition and well-being
•Forming families
•Exercising citizenship

Adolescent brain
development and
its implications

Adolescent brain development
•Brain maturation continues into early 20s and
impulse control matures gradually
•Risk-taking and sensation seeking are highest
in mid-adolescence: sexual risk-taking;
experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, illegal
drugs; accidents
•Peer pressure increases chance of risky
behaviour
•Information alone will not diminish risk-taking

Adolescence is the most common age of onset for major psychiatric disorders

2010 2030 2050 Row 4
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
India Dependency Ratio
Old-age dependency ratio Youth dependency ratio Working age population

Youth dependency ratio
Old age dependency ratio
2010 2030 2050 Row 4
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
India Dependency Ratio
Old-age dependency ratio Youth dependency ratio Working age population

$Over the next ten years in India •Working-age population (15-65 years) will rise by 125 million - world’s biggest potential workforce •One third of the growth will come from poorer and less literate states in the north • India needs to create 100 million jobs - otherwise: – India’s demographic dividend will yield only a fraction of what it could – Problem of low-quality employment will fester$

Adolescent health,
protection and civic
participation

Key facts about adolescents (15-19 years) in India
Girls Boys
Have no education 22% 7 %
Are employed 27% 47%
Have not heard of HIV/AIDS 36% 14 %
Are currently married 27% 3%
Are anaemic 56% 30%
Have low BMI (body mass index) 47% 58%

Challenges of growing up female in India
Pre-natal
Early
childhood
Primary
school
Adolescence
Gender-biased
sex
selection
Under five
mortality
Low school
enrolment
School drop out
Malnutrition Malnutrition
Malnutrition of pregnant
adolescent mother
Sexual abuse Sexual abuse
Sexual exploitation
Child marriage
Early pregnancy
Early motherhood

Adolescence and gender
Adolescence is a time when gender roles diverge
sharply:
•Girls and boys experience adolescence in very
different ways
• The world expands for boys and increases their
freedom
•But narrows for girls, who face limitations on their
ability to move freely and to make decisions
affecting their education, work, marriage and
relationships

Role of education in
facilitating the
adolescent
transitions

Education for adolescent development
School-based education for adolescents
Learning for life: health, protection, civic
education
Learning for work

School-based education for adolescents
•Primary education: completion and learning
achievements
•Secondary education: completion and
learning achievements
•Second chance education
•Primary-to-secondary transition
Prevention of child labour and of child marriage

Learning for life
Adolescent health:
•Sanitation and menstrual hygiene management
•Sex education, prevention of teenage pregnancy, HIV and STI
•Mental health – early detection
Adolescent protection:
•Life skills education
•Prevention of violence in schools (bullying, corporal punishment, sexual
violence)
•Gender socialization
Civic education:
•Civic education (knowledge about rights, government services,
programmes and structures)
•Legal literacy

Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakaram (RKSK)
Adolescent health strategy of GoI:
•Comprehensive framework to address
adolescent health, nutrition, hygiene and
protection issues
•Aims at increasing the availability and access
to information about adolescent health
•Increasing accessibility and utilisation of quality
counselling and health services for adolescents
•Forge multi-sectoral partnerships to create safe
and supportive environments for adolescents

RKSK – what roles for education?
Strategic priorities Objectives
Improve nutrition • Reduce the prevalence of malnutrition among adolescent girls and
boys
• Reduce the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among
adolescent girls and boys
Improve sexual
and reproductive
health
• Improve knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, in relation to Sexual
and Reproductive Health (SRH), including HIV and AIDS
• Reduce teenage pregnancies and delay first pregnancy
• Improve birth preparedness, complication readiness and provide
early parenting support for adolescent parents, including
breastfeeding (early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding)
• Promote birth spacing and safe sex practices
Enhance mental
health
• Address mental health concerns of adolescents
Prevent injuries
and violence
• Promote favourable attitudes for preventing injuries and violence
(including sexual violence) among adolescents
Prevent substance
• Increase adolescents’ awareness of the adverse effects and

Harness the power of peer pressure
•Information alone does not reduce risk-taking
•It’s not just what children are learning that is
keeping students away from risks. It’s simply
being in school with their peer group.
•When students leave school, they lose their
social network and a sense a progress toward the
future
•The school as a place for positive peer pressure

Learning for work
•School-to-work transition
•Vocational and professional skills
•Financial literacy
•Career counselling

0.Overview of adolescent development – Issues and concerns adolescent education - Bangalore - October 2014

1. Overview of adolescent development: issues and concerns Workshop on Programming for Adolescents Bengaluru, 30-31 October 2014

2. Definitions

3. Adolescence Second decade of life – from 10 to 19 years 24 cores of adolescents in India – a 5th of the population India is home to the largest number of adolescents in the world

4. Adolescent is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood •School-to-work transition: learning for work and life •Growing up healthy: establishing lifelong patterns of health, nutrition and well-being •Forming families •Exercising citizenship

5. Adolescent brain development and its implications

6. Adolescent brain development •Brain maturation continues into early 20s and impulse control matures gradually •Risk-taking and sensation seeking are highest in mid-adolescence: sexual risk-taking; experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs; accidents •Peer pressure increases chance of risky behaviour •Information alone will not diminish risk-taking

7. Adolescence is the most common age of onset for major psychiatric disorders

8. Demographics and economics

9. 2010 2030 2050 Row 4 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 India Dependency Ratio Old-age dependency ratio Youth dependency ratio Working age population

10. Youth dependency ratio Old age dependency ratio 2010 2030 2050 Row 4 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 India Dependency Ratio Old-age dependency ratio Youth dependency ratio Working age population

11. Over the next ten years in India •Working-age population (15-65 years) will rise by 125 million - world’s biggest potential workforce •One third of the growth will come from poorer and less literate states in the north • India needs to create 100 million jobs - otherwise: – India’s demographic dividend will yield only a fraction of what it could – Problem of low-quality employment will fester

12. Adolescent health, protection and civic participation

13. Key facts about adolescents (15-19 years) in India Girls Boys Have no education 22% 7 % Are employed 27% 47% Have not heard of HIV/AIDS 36% 14 % Are currently married 27% 3% Are anaemic 56% 30% Have low BMI (body mass index) 47% 58%

14. Challenges of growing up female in India Pre-natal Early childhood Primary school Adolescence Gender-biased sex selection Under five mortality Low school enrolment School drop out Malnutrition Malnutrition Malnutrition of pregnant adolescent mother Sexual abuse Sexual abuse Sexual exploitation Child marriage Early pregnancy Early motherhood

15. Challenges of growing up female in India Pre-natal Early childhood Primary school Adolescence Gender-biased sex selection Under five mortality Low school enrolment School drop out Malnutrition Malnutrition Malnutrition of pregnant adolescent mother Physical abuse Sexual abuse Sexual abuse Sexual exploitation Child marriage Early pregnancy Early motherhood

16. Challenges of growing up female in India Pre-natal Early childhood Primary school Adolescence Gender-biased sex selection Under five mortality Low school enrolment School drop out Malnutrition Malnutrition Malnutrition of pregnant adolescent mother Physical abuse Sexual abuse Sexual abuse Sexual exploitation Child marriage Early pregnancy Early motherhood

17. Challenges of growing up female in India Pre-natal Early childhood Primary school Adolescence Gender-biased sex selection Under five mortality Low school enrolment School drop out Malnutrition Malnutrition Malnutrition of pregnant adolescent mother Physical abuse Sexual abuse Sexual abuse Sexual exploitation Child marriage Early pregnancy Early motherhood

18. Adolescence and gender Adolescence is a time when gender roles diverge sharply: •Girls and boys experience adolescence in very different ways • The world expands for boys and increases their freedom •But narrows for girls, who face limitations on their ability to move freely and to make decisions affecting their education, work, marriage and relationships

19. Role of education in facilitating the adolescent transitions

20. Education for adolescent development School-based education for adolescents Learning for life: health, protection, civic education Learning for work

21. School-based education for adolescents •Primary education: completion and learning achievements •Secondary education: completion and learning achievements •Second chance education •Primary-to-secondary transition Prevention of child labour and of child marriage

22. Education decreases Child Marriage

23. Education decreases Child Labour

24. Learning for life Adolescent health: •Sanitation and menstrual hygiene management •Sex education, prevention of teenage pregnancy, HIV and STI •Mental health – early detection Adolescent protection: •Life skills education •Prevention of violence in schools (bullying, corporal punishment, sexual violence) •Gender socialization Civic education: •Civic education (knowledge about rights, government services, programmes and structures) •Legal literacy

25. Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakaram (RKSK) Adolescent health strategy of GoI: •Comprehensive framework to address adolescent health, nutrition, hygiene and protection issues •Aims at increasing the availability and access to information about adolescent health •Increasing accessibility and utilisation of quality counselling and health services for adolescents •Forge multi-sectoral partnerships to create safe and supportive environments for adolescents

26. RKSK – what roles for education? Strategic priorities Objectives Improve nutrition • Reduce the prevalence of malnutrition among adolescent girls and boys • Reduce the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among adolescent girls and boys Improve sexual and reproductive health • Improve knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, in relation to Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), including HIV and AIDS • Reduce teenage pregnancies and delay first pregnancy • Improve birth preparedness, complication readiness and provide early parenting support for adolescent parents, including breastfeeding (early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding) • Promote birth spacing and safe sex practices Enhance mental health • Address mental health concerns of adolescents Prevent injuries and violence • Promote favourable attitudes for preventing injuries and violence (including sexual violence) among adolescents Prevent substance • Increase adolescents’ awareness of the adverse effects and

27. Harness the power of peer pressure •Information alone does not reduce risk-taking •It’s not just what children are learning that is keeping students away from risks. It’s simply being in school with their peer group. •When students leave school, they lose their social network and a sense a progress toward the future •The school as a place for positive peer pressure

28. Learning for work •School-to-work transition •Vocational and professional skills •Financial literacy •Career counselling

Editor's Notes

#3: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#4: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#6: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#7: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#8: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#9: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#10: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#11: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#12: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#13: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#14: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#15: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#16: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#17: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#18: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#19: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#20: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#26: Rudrajit Das17-Jul-13 along with the low quality of employment, would you like to also talk about the status of adolescent health, nutrition, education, protective environment etc. that act as an impediment towards realizing the fruits of the demographic dividend? &lt;number&gt;
#27: &lt;number&gt;
#28: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#30: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#32: &lt;number&gt;
#33: &lt;number&gt;
#34: &lt;number&gt;
#35: &lt;number&gt;
#36: While both adolescent boys and girls experience some social and economic restrictions, girls face much more extensive limitations on their ability to move freely and to make decisions affecting their education, work, marriage and relationships. Adolescence is a particularly vulnerable phase for girls, who are exposed to child marriage, teenage pregnancy, child domestic work, sexual abuse and exploitation, domestic violence, low education and health status, lack of decision making power and restrictions on their freedom of movement. Across the country, gender-biased sex selection continues to reduce the ratio of girls in the population. Gender-based discrimination has far-reaching implications for girls and women in terms of: education, job opportunities, health and nutrition, protection from violence, abuse and exploitation, decision making and civic participation . Across the country, gender-biased sex selection continues to reduce the ratio of girls in the population. Gender-based discrimination has far-reaching implications for girls and women in terms of: education, job opportunities, health and nutrition, protection from violence, abuse and exploitation, decision making and civic participation &lt;number&gt;
#37: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#38: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#39: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#40: Slide 9 – Scatter plot – child marriage and education (SITUATION) Now, let’s move from the problem to solution. We can see a strong correlation between education and child marriage in this scatter plot. In states with high rates of child marriage – such as Bihar (in the upper left-hand corner) – girls’ secondary enrolment rates are very low. On the other hand, states with high rates of secondary enrolment of girls – such as Kerala (in the bottom right-hand corner) – have low rates of child marriage. This graph shows at once both the problem (child marriage) and the solution (education). How well girls are retained in secondary education depend on how well they start and continue learning from pre-school through primary and upper primary. We see the same patterns and correlations for child labour. Child marriage and child labour are the main cause of school drop-out among girls from upper primary to secondary education. 40% of total child marriages in the world happen in India and at least 28 million children are forced to work for their survival A protective learning environment is instrumental to female empowerment and breaking the cycle of poverty and deprivation. Great strides have been made – with UNICEF support – to ensure near universal primary education. Still, aside from the 8 million children out of school, 42% children drop out before completing elementary education cycle. In secondary education, for every 100 boys enrolled in secondary education, there are only 81 girls enrolled. Classrooms across India continue to be characterized by teacher-centred rote learning, corporal punishment and discrimination. 22 million girls still do not have access to separate toilets and sanitary facilities in schools (menstrual hygiene) and often drop out as a result. &lt;number&gt;
#42: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#43: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#44: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#45: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;
#46: Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood marked by a significant growth spurt (the second highest after the first year of life), accompanied by hormonal changes and sexual maturation. Adolescents gain up to 50% of their adult weight and bone mass and more than 20% of their adult height during this period. For adolescent girls, menstruation begins - preparing them for motherhood, which brings its own risks and complications. Adolescence is also a period of psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural maturation. These are years of experimentation and risk taking, of giving in to negative peer pressure related to substance use and sexual risk taking. Whether or not adolescents can achieve their development potential is determined to a large extent by their social environment, economic factors and environmental impacts. &lt;number&gt;

0.Overview of adolescent development – Issues and concerns adolescent education - Bangalore - October 2014

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0.Overview of adolescent development – Issues and concerns adolescent education - Bangalore - October 2014

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