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Energy-ATP-and-Respiratoin.pptx
- 1. ENERGY AND RESPIRATION BY MR. BRAM
- 2. WHAT IS THE USE OF ENERGY INSIDE OUR BODY ? • THE SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX SUBSTANCES FROM SIMPLER ONES (ANABOLIC REACTIONS), SUCH AS THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM MONOSACCHARIDES, LIPIDS FROM GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS, POLYPEPTIDES FROM AMINO ACIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS FROM NUCLEOTIDES • THE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES AGAINST A DIFFUSION GRADIENT, SUCH AS THE ACTIVITY OF THE SODIUM–POTASSIUM PUMP (FIGURE 4.18, PAGE 87) • MECHANICAL WORK SUCH AS MUSCLE CONTRACTION (PAGE 344) AND OTHER CELLULAR MOVEMENTS; FOR EXAMPLE, THE MOVEMENT OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA (PAGE 189), AMOEBOID MOVEMENT AND THE MOVEMENT OF VESICLES THROUGH CYTOPLASM • IN A FEW ORGANISMS, BIOLUMINESCENCE AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE.
- 3. ENERGY AND ATP • ATP IS A NUCLEOTIDE CONSISTING OF AN ORGANIC BASE, ADENINE, A FIVE CARBON SUGAR (RIBOSE) AND A SEQUENCE OF THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS
- 4. ENERGY AND ATP • ATP IS OFTEN CALLED THE UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY IN LIVING ORGANISMS AS IT PROVIDES A COMMON SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR MANY DIFFERENT CHEMICAL REACTIONS. • WHY DOES IT CALLED A ENERGY CURRENCY ?
- 5. ATP AS ENERGY CURRENCY • THE HYDROLYSIS OF ATP CAN BE DONE QUICKLY AND EASILY THROUGHOUT THE CELL • THE HYDROLYSIS OF ONE MOLECULE OF ATP RELEASE A USEFUL QUANTITY OF ENERGY. • ATP IS RELATIVELY STABIL ON THE RANGE OF PH OF THE CELL.
- 6. ENERGY AND ATP • ADP IS CONVERTED TO ATP BY THE ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE MOLECULE • ATP WILL PRODUCED CONSTANTLY AND NOT STORED IN A BIG AMOUNT ON THE BODY.
- 7. ENERGY AND ATP This requires 30kJmol-1 of energy from food This releases 30kJmol-1 of energy for use in the body Endergonic (energy taken in) Exergonic (energy released) This is called HYDROLYSIS. Via. Enzyme ATPase This is called PHOSPHORYLATI ON
- 8. USAGE OF ENERGY FROM ATP
- 9. PHOSPHORYLATION • ADDING AN INORGANIC PHOSPHATE (PI) TO ADP TO CREATE ATP • THREE FORMS
- 10. ON WHICH ORGANELLE ATP PRODUCED ? • DRAW A COMPLETE DIAGRAM OF A MITOCHONDRIA. • FIND PAIR AND SHARE YOUR PICTURE.
- 11. PHOSPHORYLATION 1) OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (CHEMIOSMOSIS) OCCURS ON THE MEMBRANE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA DURING AEROBIC RESPIRATION AND INVOLVES THE PROCESS OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- 12. PHOSPHORYLATION 2)PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION OCCURS IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANES IN THE CHLOROPLASTS IN PLANTS ONLY
- 13. PHOSPHORYLATION 3)SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION (SUBSTRATE LINKED REACTION) OCCURS WHEN PHOSPHATE GROUPS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM DONOR MOLECULES TO ADP TO MAKE ATP FOR EXAMPLE IN GLYCOLYSIS
- 15. ADVANTAGES OF ATP ONLY ONE ENZYME NEEDED TO RELEASE ENERGY FROM ATP (ATPASE) GLUCOSE NEEDS MORE ATP RELEASED ENERGY IN SMALL AMOUNTS WHEN AND WHERE NEEDED, WHEREAS GLUCOSE CONTAINS LARGE AMOUNTS WE DON’T NEED STRAIGHT AWAY ATP IS A COMMON SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR A MULTITUDE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE CELLS IN THE BODY. (INTERNATIONAL ENERGY CURRENCY)
- 16. WHAT IS ATP USED FOR? • METABOLIC PROCESSES – BUILDING LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SMALLER, SIMPLER MOLECULES. FOR EXAMPLE ATP IS REQUIRED IN DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • ACTIVE TRANSPORT – ATP CAN CHANGE THE SHAPE OF CARRIER PROTEINS IN PLASMA MEMBRANES TO ALLOW MOLECULES/IONS TO BE MOVED AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. • MOVEMENT – FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION • NERVE TRANSMISSION – NA+/K+ ACTIVE TRANSPORT PUMPS REQUIRE ATP • SYNTHESIS OF MATERIALS WITHIN CELLS • SECRETION – THE PACKAGING AND TRANSPORT OF SECRETORY PRODUCTS INTO VESICLES IN CELLS
- 17. RESPIRATION 4 MAIN STAGES... 1.GLYCOLYSIS 2.THE LINK REACTION 3.THE KREBS CYCLE 4.THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- 18. Isomerisation 1. GLYCOLYSIS The glucose molecule is obtained as the digested product of eating carbohydrates Glucose- 6- Phosphate The glucose is phosphorylated into glucose-6-phosphate by taking a phosphate from ATP The glucose-6-phosphate changes to fructose-6-phosphate via isomerisation This is then phosphorylated for a second time, splitting a molecule of ATP, forming fructose-1-6-bisphosphate Fructose-1- 6 Bisphosphat e Triose Phosphate Triose Phosphate Fructose- 6- Phosphate 1st Phosphorylation Glucose The fructose-1-6-bisphosphate then splits into two molecules called TRIOSE PHOSPHATE. They are then converted into pyruvic acid. This involves the removal of hydrogen and it’s transfer to a hydrogen carrier molecule (NAD) to form reduced NAD. Each pyruvic acid yields 2 molecules of ATP in the process of it’s creation PYRUVI C ACID PYRUVI C ACID H+ taken to reduce NAD H+ taken to reduce NAD 2 x ATP 2 x ATP
- 19. GLYCOLYSIS- SUMMARY • BREAKING DOWN A GLUCOSE MOLECULE INTO TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE (PYRUVIC ACID) • IT USES 2 ATP MOLECULES FOR SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION • IT CREATES 4 ATP MOLECULES • THERE IS A NET TOTAL OF 2 ATP MOLECULES MADE. • THE 2 REDUCED NAD MADE GOES TO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • THE 2 MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE GO INTO THE LINK REACTION
- 20. GLYCOLYSIS- SUMMARY Process Glycolysis The Link Reaction The Krebs Cycle Number of ATP used (per glucose) 2 Number of ATP produced (pg) 4 Net Total ATP (pg) 2 Number of reduced NAD produced (pg) 2 Number of reduced FAD produced (pg) 0 Other products made (pg) 2 molecules of pyruvic
- 21. 2. THE LINK REACTION The link reaction connects Glycolysis to the Krebs cycle PYRUVIC ACID (3C) From Glycolysis To Krebs Cycle The pyruvic acid diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix This is decarboxylated via decarboxylase to produce CO2 and dehydrogenated via dehydrogenase to produce H+ , used to reduced a molecule of NAD H+ to reduc e NAD ACETATE 2C This forms acetate, which is taken up by coenzyme A (coA) recycled from the Krebs cycle to form acetyl coA Acetyl coA This is taken into the krebs cycle
- 22. THE LINK REACTION- SUMMARY Process Glycolysis The Link Reaction The Krebs Cycle Number of ATP used (per glucose) 2 0 Number of ATP produced (pg) 4 0 Net Total ATP (pg) 2 0 Number of reduced NAD produced (pg) 2 2 Number of reduced FAD produced (pg) 0 0 Other products made (pg) 2 molecules of pyruvic 2 x Carbon Dioxide 2 x Acetyl coA
- 23. 3. THE KREBS CYCLE Acetyl coA 2C The function of the Krebs cycle is a means of liberating energy from carbon bonds to provide ATP, r.NAD and r.FAD , with the release of carbon dioxide Acetyl coA enters the Krebs Cycle by combining with a 4C acid to form a 6C compound. Oxaloaceti c Acid 4C Citric Acid 6C Malic Acid 4C Succinic Acid 4C Keto- Glutaric Acid 5C The 6C Compound (citric acid) undergoes decarboxylation and dehydrogenation to produce CO2 and H+ ion, this is used to reduce an NAD. These processes This 5C compound is then decarboxylated and dehydrogenated again, producing a 4C Compound. This produced enough energy to synthesise the 1 x ATP This 4C compound is then dehydrogenated again. This H+ ion emitted is used to reduce FAD The Oxaloacetic acid is regenerated from malic acid by a final dehydrogenation, reducing NAD
- 24. THE KREBS CYCLE- SUMMARY • PER CYCLE WE OBTAIN… • 1 ATP • 3 R.NAD • 1 R.FAD • 2 CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULES • REMEMBER THAT THE KREBS CYCLE TURNS TWICE PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE.
- 25. THE KREBS CYCLE -SUMMARY Process Glycolysis The Link Reaction The Krebs Cycle Number of ATP used (per glucose) 2 0 0 Number of ATP produced (pg) 4 0 2 Net Total ATP (pg) 2 0 2 Number of reduced NAD produced (pg) 2 2 6 Number of reduced FAD produced (pg) 0 0 2 Other products made (pg) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 x Carbon Dioxide 4 x Carbon Dioxide
- 26. 4. THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • A SERIES OF CARRIERS AND PUMPS, RELEASING ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP
- 27. 4. THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
- 28. 4. THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Inter membran e space Matrix PUMP PUMP PUMP ATP SYNTHETAS E High Concentration of H+ ions - The pump is pumping them from the matrix, they are taking them from reduced NAD and FAD Low Concentration of H+ ions is maintained -When they pass through ATP synthetase they combing with oxygen and electrons to form water. AT P
- 29. CHEMIOSMOTIC THEORY • R.NAD/R.FAD DONATE THEIR HYDROGEN TO THE FIRST PUMP • THE PUMP BECOMES TAKES THEM UP AND PUMPS THEM INTO INTERMEMBRANE SPACE • AN ELECTRON WITH A SLIGHTLY REDUCED ENERGY LEVEL IS TRANSFERRED THROUGH THE PUMPS • A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PROTONS BUILD UP IN THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE AS THE MEMBRANE IS IMPERMEABLE TO PROTONS. • THE PROTONS ARE ABLE TO FLOW BACK VIA ATP SYNTHETASE • WHEN THEY THEY FLOW THROUGH THIS, ATP IS CREATED • THE ELECTRON THAT HAD BEEN TRANSFERRED NOW COMBINES WITH THE PROTON AND OXYGEN TO FORM WATER IN THE MATRIX, THIS MAINTAINS THE CONC. GRADIENT (CATALYSED BY OXIDASE)
- 30. ENERGY BUDGET Process Glycolysis The Link Reaction The Krebs Cycle Number of ATP used (per glucose) 2 0 0 Number of ATP produced (pg) 4 0 2 Net Total ATP (pg) 2 0 2 Number of reduced NAD produced (pg) 2 2 6 Number of reduced FAD produced (pg) 0 0 2 Other products made (pg) 2 molecules of pyruvic acid 2 x Carbon Dioxide 4 x Carbon Dioxide
- 31. ENERGY BUDGET • ALTOGETHER, PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE, WE OBTAIN 4 ATP 10 R.NAD 2 R.FAD Each reduce NAD is capable of making 3 ATP in the electron transport chain Each reduce FAD is capable of making 2 ATP in the electron transport chain x 3 = 30 ATP x 2 = 4 ATP Altogether, per glucose molecule, 38 ATP are made
- 32. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN ONLY GLYCOLYSIS CAN TAKE PLACE • THE RNAD/RFAD CANNOT BE REOXIDISED AND THEREFORE ABLE TO PICK UP MORE HYDROGEN SO THE LINK REACTION AND KREBS CAN’T OCCUR • THE YIELD OF ATP IS ONLY 2
- 33. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE THE HUMAN BODY HAS TO RESPIRE ANAEROBICALLY • THIS INVOLVES GLYCOLYSIS , BUT THE REDUCED NAD PRODUCED PASSES IT’S PROTONS STRAIGHT TO PYRUVIC ACID, REDUCING IT TO LACTIC ACID • A BUILD UP OF LACTATE CAN CAUSE MUSCLE CRAMP. WHEN OXYGEN BECOMES AVAILABLE IT IS BROKEN DOWN BY THE LIVER. MOST IS CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN AND STORED.
- 35. FERMENTATION • TAKES PLACE IN YEAST WHERE THE PYRUVATE IS CONVERTED INTO ALCOHOL AND CARBON DIOXIDE 1. THE PYRUVATE IS FIRST DECARBOXYLATED TO PRODUCE ETHANAL 2. THE HYDROGEN RELEASED DURING GLYCOLYSIS IS PASSED TO NAD 3. REDUCED NAD PASSES ITS HYDROGEN TO ETHANAL, REDUCING IT TO ETHANOL
- 36. ALTERNATIVE RESPIRATORY SUBSTANCES LIPIDS • FAT PROVIDES AN ENERGY STORE AND IS USEFUL WHEN CARB LEVELS ARE LOW • IT HAS TO FIRST BE HYDROLYSED INTO GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS • THE GLYCEROL IS CONVERTED INTO A 3C SUGAR AND ENTER GLYCOLYSIS VIA TRIOSE PHOSPHATE • THE FATTY ACIDS ARE SPLIT UP INTO MANY 2C FRAGMENTS WHICH ENTER PATHWAY AS ACETYL COA • THIS IS WHY ONE GRAM OF FAT RELEASES TWICE AS MUCH ENERGY THAN CARBOHYDRATE
- 37. ALTERNATIVE RESPIRATORY SUBSTANCES PROTEINS • ONLY USED WHEN IN STARVATION MODE • PROTEIN IS HYDROLYSED PRODUCING AMINO ACIDS • THEN DEAMINATED IN THE LIVER, AMINE GROUP CONVERTED TO UREA AND URINATED OUT • RESIDUES ARE CONVERTED INTO ACETYL COA, PYRUVATE OR SOME OTHER KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATE. • PROTEIN ONLY USED WHEN CARB AND FAT STORES ARE DEPLETED
- 38. EXPERIMENT