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Community interactions-and-sucession
- 2. Community Interactions • Powerfully affect an ecosystem • Include: – Competition – Predation – Symbiosis
- 4. Competition • When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource at the same place and the same time – Resource any necessity to life – Plants and animals compete – Winner and losers
- 5. Rules, rules, rules • Fundamental rule in ecology – Competitive Exclusion Principle • No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat and the same time • Prevents competition Niche:the position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals.
- 11. Predation • Interaction where an organism captures and feeds on another organism • Predator – Organism that does the killing and eating • Prey – Organism that is being killed and eaten (victim)
- 17. Symbiosis • Any relationship where two species live closely together • Symbiosis literally means “living together” • 3 main types – Parasitism – Mutualism – commensalism
- 18. What type of relationship is this? • Who is helping who?
- 19. Mutualism • Both species benefit from the relationship • A Happy couple • Flowers and bees – Flowers need bees for pollination, bees need flowers nectar
- 22. What type of relation ship is going on here? • Who is helping who?
- 23. Commensalism • One member of the relationship benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped • One-sided • Food or shelter • Barnacles on whale
- 24. Ants and aphids
- 26. What type of interaction is going on here?
- 27. Parasitism • One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it • Parasite obtains all or part of its nutrients from the other organism • Host – Organism that is harmed in relation ship; the one that provides the nutrients to the parasite • Parasite – Organism that gets its nutrients from the host • Do they want to kill their host? – No, because they need them…they will weaken or hurt the host in some way
- 32. Recap • What are the three types of interactions in a community? – Competition – Predation – Symbiosis • What types do we have? – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism
- 33. Ecological Succession • Do all ecosystems stay the same all the time? • What are some things that cause changes to ecosystems? – Natural and unnatural – Quickly and slowly
- 34. • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to human and natural disturbances. • As an ecosystem changes, older habitants die out and new organisms move in, causing more change
- 35. Ecological Succession • Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time – Physical environment – Natural disturbance – Human disturbance
- 36. Primary Succession • Succession on land that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • Volcanic eruptions • Glaciers melting
- 39. Stages of Primary Succession • Start with no soil, just ash and rock • First species to populate this area – “pioneer species” – For example, pioneer species on volcanic rock are lichens (LY-kunz) • Lichens made up of fungus and algae that can grow on bare rock • When lichens die, they for organic material that becomes soil…now plants can grow
- 40. Secondary Succession • Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • Natural – hurricane – fires • Human disturbances – Farming – Forest clearing
- 46. Succession in Marine Ecosystems • Deep and dark • Can succession happen? • 1987 dead whale off of California – Unique community of organisms living in remains – Represents stage in succession in an otherwise stable, deep-sea ecosystem – Whale-fall community
- 48. Whale-Fall Succession • Begins when large whale dies – Sinks to barren ocean floor – Scavengers and decomposers flock to carcass , our first community • Amphipods • Hagfish • sharks • After a year, most tissues have been eaten – Now, second small community of organisms live here – Body is decomposing, releasing nutrients into the water • Small fishes • Crabs • Snails • worms • Only skeleton remains… – Third community moves in • Heterotrophic bacteria • Decompose oil in bones release of chemical compounds • Who uses these chemical compounds? – Chemoosynthetic autotrophs • In come the crabs, clams, and worms that feed on this bacteria
- 49. Study Chemical reactions, enzymes, and Chapters 3 and 4 Teacher,