Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)
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The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, outlining key components and concepts. It discusses the core of embedded systems including processors, programmable logic devices, and memory. Sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces are also reviewed. Embedded firmware, other system components like reset circuits and watchdogs, and printed circuit boards are examined. The objectives are to learn about the building blocks of embedded systems and factors in selecting components.
Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)
- 1. Introduction to EMBEDDED SYSTEM (2nd Edition) SHIBU K V Dr Moe Moe Myint Department of Computer Engineering & Information Technology Mandalay Technological University www.slideshare.net/MoeMoeMyint [email protected] [email protected] drmoemoemyint.blogspot.com
- 2. Agenda 2.1 Core of the Embedded System 2.2 Memory 2.3 Sensors and Actuators 2.4 Communication Interface 2.5 Embedded Firmware 2.6 Other System Components 2.7 PCB and Passive Components 2 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 3. Learning Objectives Learn the building blocks of a typical Embedded System Learn about General Purpose Processors (GPPs), Application Specific Instruction Set Processors (ASIPs), Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors, RISC & CISC processors, Harvad and Von-Neumann Processor Architecture, Big- endian v/s Little endian processors, Load Store operation and Instruction pipelining Learn about different PLDs like Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), etc. 3 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 4. Cont’d Learn about the different memory technologies and memory types used in embedded system development Learn about Masked ROM (MROM), PROM, OTP, EPROM, EEPROM, and FLASH memory for embedded firmware storage Learn about Serial Access Memory (SAM), Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Nonvolatile SRAM (NVRAM) Understand the different factors to be considered in the selection of memory for embedded systems Understand the role of sensors, actuators and their interfacing with the I/O subsystems of an embedded system 4 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 5. Cont’d Learn about the interfacing of LEDs, 7-segment LED Displays, Piezo Buzzer, Stepper Motor, Relays, Optocouplers, Matrix keyboard, Push button switches, Programmable Peripheral Interface Device (e.g. 8255 PPI), etc. with the I/O subsystem of the embedded system Learn about the different communication interfaces of an embedded system Understand the various chip level communication interfaces like I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, parallel bus, etc Understand the different wired and wireless external communication interfaces like RS-232C, RS-485, Parallel Port, USB, IEEE1394, Infrared (IrDA), Bluetooth, Wifi, ZigBee, GPRS, etc. Know what embedded firmware is and its role in embedded systems 5 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 6. Cont’d Understand the different system components like Reset Circuit, Brown-out protection circuit, Oscillator Unit, Real-Time Clock (RTC) and Watchdog Timer unit Understand the role of PCB in embedded systems 6 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 7. Embedded Firmware7 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Embedded firmware refers to the control algorithm (Program instructions) and/or the configuration settings that an embedded system developer dumps into the code (program) memory of the embedded system. It is an un-avoidable part of an embedded system. There are various methods available for developing the embedded firmware. They are listed below: 1. Write the program in high level languages like Embedded C/C++ using an Integrated Development Environment. 2. Write the program in Assembly language using the instructions supported by your application’s target processor/controller. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 8. Cont’d8 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology The instruction set for each family of processor/controller is different and the program written in either of the methods given above should be converted into a processor understandable machine code before loading it into the program memory. The process of converting the program written in either a high level language or processor/controller specific Assembly code to machine readable binary code is called ‘HEX File Creation’. If the program is written in Embedded C/C++ using an IDE, the cross compiler included in the IDE converts it into corresponding processor/controller understandable ‘HEX File’. If you are following the Assembly language based programming technique, you can use the utilities supplied by the processor/controller vendors to convert the source code into ‘HEX File’. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 9. Other System Components9 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology The other system components refer to the components/circuits/ICs which are necessary for the proper functioning of the embedded system. Reset Circuit, Brown-out Protection Circuit, Oscillator Unit, Real- Time Clock (RTC), Watchdog Timer are examples of circuits/ICs which are essential for the proper functioning of the processor/controllers. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 10. Reset Circuit10 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology The reset circuit is essential to ensure that the device is not operating at a voltage level where the device is not guaranteed to operate, during system power ON. The reset signal brings the internal registers and the different hardware systems of the processor/controller to a known state and starts the firmware execution from the reset vector. The reset signal can be either active high (The processor undergoes reset when the reset pin of the processor is at logic high) or active low (The processor undergoes reset when the reset pin of the processor is at logic low). Since the processor operation is synchronized to a clock signal, the reset pulse should be wide enough to give time for the clock oscillator to stabilize before the internal reset state starts. Some microprocessors/controllers contain built-in internal reset circuitry and they don’t require external reset circuitry. Figure illustrates a resistor capacitor based passive reset circuit for active high and low configurations. The reset pulse width can be adjusted by changing the resistance value R and capacitance value C. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 11. 11 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology RC-Based Reset Circuit Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 12. Brown-out Protection Circuit12 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology The brown-out protection circuit prevents the processor/controller from unexpected program execution behavior when the supply voltage to the processor/controller falls below a specified voltage. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018 Oscillator The Oscillator unit generates clock signals for synchronizing the operations of the processor.
- 13. Real-Time Clock (RTC)13 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Real-Time Clock (RTC) is a system component responsible for keeping track of time. RTC holds information like current time (in hours, minutes and seconds) in 12 hour/24 hour format, date, month, year, day of the week, etc. and supplies timing reference to the system. RTC is intended to function even in the absence of power. The RTC chip contains a microchip for holding the time and date related information and backup battery cell for functioning in the absence of power, in a single IC package. The RTC chip is interfaced to the processor or controller of the embedded system. For Operating System based embedded devices, a timing reference is essential for synchronizing the operations of the OS kernel. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 14. Watchdog Timer 14 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology A watchdog is to monitor the firmware execution and reset the system processor/microcontroller when the program execution hangs up or generates an Interrupt in case the execution time for a task is exceeding the maximum allowed limit. If the firmware execution doesn’t complete due to malfunctioning, within the time required by the watchdog to reach the maximum count, the counter will generate a reset pulse and this will reset the processor (if it is connected to the reset line of the processor). Most of the processors implement watchdog as a built-in component and provides status register to control the watchdog timer (like enabling and disabling watchdog functioning) and watchdog timer register for writing the count value. If the processor/controller doesn’t contain a built in watchdog timer, the same can be implemented using an external watchdog timer IC circuit. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 15. PCB and Passive Components15 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is the backbone of every embedded system. After finalizing the components and the inter-connection among them, a schematic design is created and according to the schematic PCB is fabricated. PCS acts as a platform for mounting all the necessary components as per the design requirement. Also it acts as a platform for testing your embedded firmware. You can also find some passive electronic components like resistor, capacitor, diodes, etc. on your board. They are the co-workers of various chips contained in your embedded hardware. They are very essential for the proper functioning of your embedded system. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 16. Cont’d16 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 17. Reviewed Questions17 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology 1. What is Embedded Firmware? What are the various methods available for developing Embedded Firmware? 2. Explain the role of Reset circuit in Embedded System. 3. Explain the role of Real Time Clock (RTC) in Embedded System. 4. Explain the role of Watchdog Timer in Embedded System. Lecture Slides for Textbook Introduction to Embedded Systems, Moe Moe Myint, 2017-2018
- 18. Only Original Owner has full rights reserved for copied images. This PPT is only for fair academic use. 18 Mandalay Technological University Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
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Editor's Notes
- #4: Understand the different types of core i.e. processor Understand the difference between microprocessor & microcontroller Understand the classification of processors based on Bus Architecture, Instruction set Architecture, and Endiannes. Have an overview of processors from most simple and cheap to most expensive and complex, powerful Understand what are sensors and actuators, communication interfaces
- #8: The IDE will contain an editor, compiler, linker, debugger, simulator, etc. IDEs are different for different family of processors/controllers. Embedded firmware can be developed on top of an embedded operating system or without an operating system.
- #13: Some of the factors that affect the frequency stability of an oscillator generally include: variations in temperature, variations in the load, as well as changes to its DC power supply voltage to name a few.
- #14: Some of the factors that affect the frequency stability of an oscillator generally include: variations in temperature, variations in the load, as well as changes to its DC power supply voltage to name a few.
- #15: In desktop Window systems, if we feel our application is behaving in an abnormal way or if the system hangs up, we have the ‘Ctrl+Alt+Del’ to come out of the situation. A watchdog timer is an electronic timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions.
- #16: In desktop Window systems, if we feel our application is behaving in an abnormal way or if the system hangs up, we have the ‘Ctrl+Alt+Del’ to come out of the situation. A watchdog timer is an electronic timer that is used to detect and recover from computer malfunctions.